The actin cytoskeleton plays a major role in morphological development of neurons and in structural changes of adult neurons. This article reviews the myriad functions of actin and myosin in axon initiation, growth, guidance and branching, in morphogenesis of dendrites and dendritic spines, in synapse formation and stability, and in axon and dendrite retraction. Evidence is presented that signaling pathways involving the Rho family of small GTPases are key regulators of actin polymerization and myosin function in the context of different aspects of neuronal morphogenesis. These studies support an emerging theme: Different aspects of neuronal morphogenesis may involve regulation of common core signaling pathways, in particular the Rho GTPases.

WIP Is a Negative Regulator of Neuronal Maturation and Synaptic Activity.

A. Franco, S. Knafo, I. Banon-Rodriguez, P. Merino-Serrais, I. Fernaud-Espinosa, M. Nieto, J. J. Garrido, J. A. Esteban, F. Wandosell, and I. M. Anton (2012)
Cereb Cortex 22, 1191-1202
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Transcranial pulsed magnetic field stimulation facilitates reorganization of abnormal neural circuits and corrects behavioral deficits without disrupting normal connectivity.

J. Rodger, C. Mo, T. Wilks, S. A. Dunlop, and R. M. Sherrard (2012)
FASEB J 26, 1593-1606
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Which Comes First in Fragile X Syndrome, Dendritic Spine Dysgenesis or Defects in Circuit Plasticity?.

C. Portera-Cailliau (2012)
Neuroscientist 18, 28-44
 |  Abstract »  |  PDF »

Dysregulation of Rho GTPases in the {alpha}Pix/Arhgef6 mouse model of X-linked intellectual disability is paralleled by impaired structural and synaptic plasticity and cognitive deficits.

G. J. A. Ramakers, D. Wolfer, G. Rosenberger, K. Kuchenbecker, H.-J. Kreienkamp, J. Prange-Kiel, G. Rune, K. Richter, K. Langnaese, S. Masneuf, et al. (2012)
Hum. Mol. Genet. 21, 268-286
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Endogenous Rho-Kinase Signaling Maintains Synaptic Strength by Stabilizing the Size of the Readily Releasable Pool of Synaptic Vesicles.

D. Gonzalez-Forero, F. Montero, V. Garcia-Morales, G. Dominguez, L. Gomez-Perez, J. M. Garcia-Verdugo, and B. Moreno-Lopez (2012)
J. Neurosci. 32, 68-84
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

CRP1, a Protein Localized in Filopodia of Growth Cones, Is Involved in Dendritic Growth.

L. Ma, J. A. Greenwood, and M. Schachner (2011)
J. Neurosci. 31, 16781-16791
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

GRK5 promotes F-actin bundling and targets bundles to membrane structures to control neuronal morphogenesis.

Y. Chen, F. Wang, H. Long, Y. Chen, Z. Wu, and L. Ma (2011)
J. Cell Biol. 194, 905-920
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Essential Role for Vav Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors in Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor-Induced Dendritic Spine Growth and Synapse Plasticity.

C. F. Hale, K. C. Dietz, J. A. Varela, C. B. Wood, B. C. Zirlin, L. S. Leverich, R. W. Greene, and C. W. Cowan (2011)
J. Neurosci. 31, 12426-12436
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Anti-Ganglioside Antibody-Mediated Activation of RhoA Induces Inhibition of Neurite Outgrowth.

G. Zhang, H. C. Lehmann, S. Manoharan, M. Hashmi, S. Shim, G.-L. Ming, R. L. Schnaar, P. H. Lopez, N. Bogdanova, and K. A. Sheikh (2011)
J. Neurosci. 31, 1664-1675
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Developmental regulation of axon branching in the vertebrate nervous system.

D. A. Gibson and L. Ma (2011)
Development 138, 183-195
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

A QUICK Screen for Lrrk2 Interaction Partners - Leucine-rich Repeat Kinase 2 is Involved in Actin Cytoskeleton Dynamics.

A. Meixner, K. Boldt, M. Van Troys, M. Askenazi, C. J. Gloeckner, M. Bauer, J. A. Marto, C. Ampe, N. Kinkl, and M. Ueffing (2011)
Mol. Cell. Proteomics 10, M110.001172
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Differential dynamics and activity-dependent regulation of {alpha}- and {beta}-neurexins at developing GABAergic synapses.

Y. Fu and Z. J. Huang (2010)
PNAS 107, 22699-22704
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Nitric Oxide Synthase Regulates Morphogenesis of Zebrafish Spinal Cord Motoneurons.

S. Bradley, K. Tossell, R. Lockley, and J. R. McDearmid (2010)
J. Neurosci. 30, 16818-16831
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

MAP1B Regulates Axonal Development by Modulating Rho-GTPase Rac1 Activity.

C. Montenegro-Venegas, E. Tortosa, S. Rosso, D. Peretti, F. Bollati, M. Bisbal, I. Jausoro, J. Avila, A. Caceres, and C. Gonzalez-Billault (2010)
Mol. Biol. Cell 21, 3518-3528
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

WASP is activated by phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate to restrict synapse growth in a pathway parallel to bone morphogenetic protein signaling.

T. M. Khuong, R. L. P. Habets, J. R. Slabbaert, and P. Verstreken (2010)
PNAS 107, 17379-17384
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

CDKL5, a Protein Associated with Rett Syndrome, Regulates Neuronal Morphogenesis via Rac1 Signaling.

Q. Chen, Y.-C. Zhu, J. Yu, S. Miao, J. Zheng, L. Xu, Y. Zhou, D. Li, C. Zhang, J. Tao, et al. (2010)
J. Neurosci. 30, 12777-12786
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Leading Process Branch Instability in Lis1+/- Nonradially Migrating Interneurons.

P. P. Gopal, J. C. Simonet, W. Shapiro, and J. A. Golden (2010)
Cereb Cortex 20, 1497-1505
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Actin in dendritic spines: connecting dynamics to function.

P. Hotulainen and C. C. Hoogenraad (2010)
J. Cell Biol. 189, 619-629
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Plastic Synaptic Networks of the Amygdala for the Acquisition, Expression, and Extinction of Conditioned Fear.

H. C. Pape and D. Pare (2010)
Physiol Rev 90, 419-463
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Nitric Oxide Induces Pathological Synapse Loss by a Protein Kinase G-, Rho Kinase-Dependent Mechanism Preceded by Myosin Light Chain Phosphorylation.

C. R. Sunico, D. Gonzalez-Forero, G. Dominguez, J. M. Garcia-Verdugo, and B. Moreno-Lopez (2010)
J. Neurosci. 30, 973-984
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Telomere Shortening in Neural Stem Cells Disrupts Neuronal Differentiation and Neuritogenesis.

S. R. Ferron, M. A. Marques-Torrejon, H. Mira, I. Flores, K. Taylor, M. A. Blasco, and I. Farinas (2009)
J. Neurosci. 29, 14394-14407
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate 3-Kinase A Functions As a Scaffold for Synaptic Rac Signaling.

I. H. Kim, S. K. Park, S. T. Hong, Y. S. Jo, E. J. Kim, E. H. Park, S. B. Han, H.-S. Shin, W. Sun, H. T. Kim, et al. (2009)
J. Neurosci. 29, 14039-14049
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Myosin-Va-interacting protein, RILPL2, controls cell shape and neuronal morphogenesis via Rac signaling.

M.-F. Lise, D. P. Srivastava, P. Arstikaitis, R. L. Lett, R. Sheta, V. Viswanathan, P. Penzes, T. P. O'Connor, and A. El-Husseini (2009)
J. Cell Sci. 122, 3810-3821
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Aneuploidy: From a Physiological Mechanism of Variance to Down Syndrome.

M. Dierssen, Y. Herault, and X. Estivill (2009)
Physiol Rev 89, 887-920
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Cdo promotes neuronal differentiation via activation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway.

J.-E. Oh, G.-U. Bae, Y.-J. Yang, M.-J. Yi, H.-J. Lee, B.-G. Kim, R. S. Krauss, and J.-S. Kang (2009)
FASEB J 23, 2088-2099
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Focal Adhesion Kinase Acts Downstream of EphB Receptors to Maintain Mature Dendritic Spines by Regulating Cofilin Activity.

Y. Shi, C. G. Pontrello, K. A. DeFea, L. F. Reichardt, and I. M. Ethell (2009)
J. Neurosci. 29, 8129-8142
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Integrin-linked kinase is required for radial sorting of axons and Schwann cell remyelination in the peripheral nervous system.

J. A. Pereira, Y. Benninger, R. Baumann, A. F. Goncalves, M. Ozcelik, T. Thurnherr, N. Tricaud, D. Meijer, R. Fassler, U. Suter, et al. (2009)
J. Cell Biol. 185, 147-161
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

A 29-amino acid fragment of Clostridium botulinum C3 protein enhances neuronal outgrowth, connectivity, and reinnervation.

M. Holtje, S. Djalali, F. Hofmann, A. Munster-Wandowski, S. Hendrix, F. Boato, S. C. Dreger, G. Grosse, C. Henneberger, R. Grantyn, et al. (2009)
FASEB J 23, 1115-1126
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Antagonistic Regulation of Neurite Morphology through Gq/G11 and G12/G13.

A. Nurnberg, A. U. Brauer, N. Wettschureck, and S. Offermanns (2008)
J. Biol. Chem. 283, 35526-35531
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

TGF{beta} signals regulate axonal development through distinct Smad-independent mechanisms.

J. Ng (2008)
Development 135, 4025-4035
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Formin Proteins of the DAAM Subfamily Play a Role during Axon Growth.

T. Matusek, R. Gombos, A. Szecsenyi, N. Sanchez-Soriano, A. Czibula, C. Pataki, A. Gedai, A. Prokop, I. Rasko, and J. Mihaly (2008)
J. Neurosci. 28, 13310-13319
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

TrkB-mediated activation of geranylgeranyltransferase I promotes dendritic morphogenesis.

X.-P. Zhou, K.-Y. Wu, B. Liang, X.-Q. Fu, and Z.-G. Luo (2008)
PNAS 105, 17181-17186
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Actin Filament Assembly by Myristoylated, Alanine-rich C Kinase Substrate-Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-diphosphate Signaling Is Critical for Dendrite Branching.

H. Li, G. Chen, B. Zhou, and S. Duan (2008)
Mol. Biol. Cell 19, 4804-4813
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

P-Rex1 - a multidomain protein that regulates neurite differentiation.

J. E. Waters, M. V. Astle, L. M. Ooms, D. Balamatsias, R. Gurung, and C. A. Mitchell (2008)
J. Cell Sci. 121, 2892-2903
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

The Pool of Fast Releasing Vesicles Is Augmented by Myosin Light Chain Kinase Inhibition at the Calyx of Held Synapse.

G. Srinivasan, J. H. Kim, and H. von Gersdorff (2008)
J Neurophysiol 99, 1810-1824
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Very-KIND, a KIND domain containing RasGEF, controls dendrite growth by linking Ras small GTPases and MAP2.

J. Huang, A. Furuya, and T. Furuichi (2007)
J. Cell Biol. 179, 539-552
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Inhibition of Rho via Arg and p190RhoGAP in the Postnatal Mouse Hippocampus Regulates Dendritic Spine Maturation, Synapse and Dendrite Stability, and Behavior.

M. K. Sfakianos, A. Eisman, S. L. Gourley, W. D. Bradley, A. J. Scheetz, J. Settleman, J. R. Taylor, C. A. Greer, A. Williamson, and A. J. Koleske (2007)
J. Neurosci. 27, 10982-10992
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

PIASx Is a MEF2 SUMO E3 Ligase That Promotes Postsynaptic Dendritic Morphogenesis.

A. Shalizi, P. M. Bilimoria, J. Stegmuller, B. Gaudilliere, Y. Yang, K. Shuai, and A. Bonni (2007)
J. Neurosci. 27, 10037-10046
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Neuronal Morphogenesis Is Regulated by the Interplay between Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5 and the Ubiquitin Ligase Mind Bomb 1.

E.-A. Choe, L. Liao, J.-Y. Zhou, D. Cheng, D. M. Duong, P. Jin, L.-H. Tsai, and J. Peng (2007)
J. Neurosci. 27, 9503-9512
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Actin Polymerization and ERK Phosphorylation Are Required for Arc/Arg3.1 mRNA Targeting to Activated Synaptic Sites on Dendrites.

F. Huang, J. K. Chotiner, and O. Steward (2007)
J. Neurosci. 27, 9054-9067
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

RhoA Regulates Dendrite Branching in Hippocampal Neurons by Decreasing Cypin Protein Levels.

H. Chen and B. L. Firestein (2007)
J. Neurosci. 27, 8378-8386
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

The neuronal Arf GAP centaurin {alpha}1 modulates dendritic differentiation.

C. D. Moore, E. E. Thacker, J. Larimore, D. Gaston, A. Underwood, B. Kearns, S. I. Patterson, T. Jackson, C. Chapleau, L. Pozzo-Miller, et al. (2007)
J. Cell Sci. 120, 2683-2693
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

The Down syndrome critical region protein TTC3 inhibits neuronal differentiation via RhoA and Citron kinase.

G. Berto, P. Camera, C. Fusco, S. Imarisio, C. Ambrogio, R. Chiarle, L. Silengo, and F. Di Cunto (2007)
J. Cell Sci. 120, 1859-1867
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Kinetic-structural analysis of neuronal growth cone veil motility.

A. K. Mongiu, E. L. Weitzke, O. Y. Chaga, and G. G. Borisy (2007)
J. Cell Sci. 120, 1113-1125
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Transmitting on actin: synaptic control of dendritic architecture.

V. Schubert and C. G. Dotti (2007)
J. Cell Sci. 120, 205-212
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

The divergent TGF-{beta} ligand Dawdle utilizes an activin pathway to influence axon guidance in Drosophila.

L. Parker, J. E. Ellis, M. Q. Nguyen, and K. Arora (2006)
Development 133, 4981-4991
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Multiple mechanisms limit the duration of wakefulness in Drosophila brain.

J. E. Zimmerman, W. Rizzo, K. R. Shockley, D. M. Raizen, N. Naidoo, M. Mackiewicz, G. A. Churchill, and A. I. Pack (2006)
Physiol Genomics 27, 337-350
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Usher syndrome: molecular links of pathogenesis, proteins and pathways.

H. Kremer, E. van Wijk, T. Marker, U. Wolfrum, and R. Roepman (2006)
Hum. Mol. Genet. 15, R262-R270
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Gabapentin-Lactam Induces Dendritic Filopodia and Motility in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons.

F. Henle, J. Leemhuis, C. Fischer, H. H. Bock, K. Lindemeyer, T. J. Feuerstein, and D. K. Meyer (2006)
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 319, 181-191
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Structural Basis of Robo Proline-rich Motif Recognition by the srGAP1 Src Homology 3 Domain in the Slit-Robo Signaling Pathway.

X. Li, Y. Chen, Y. Liu, J. Gao, F. Gao, M. Bartlam, J. Y. Wu, and Z. Rao (2006)
J. Biol. Chem. 281, 28430-28437
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide and PACAP38 Control N-Methyl-D-aspartic Acid-induced Dendrite Motility by Modifying the Activities of Rho GTPases and Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases.

F. Henle, C. Fischer, D. K. Meyer, and J. Leemhuis (2006)
J. Biol. Chem. 281, 24955-24969
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Phenotypes of Drosophila Brain Neurons in Primary Culture Reveal a Role for Fascin in Neurite Shape and Trajectory..

R. Kraft, M. M. Escobar, M. L. Narro, J. L. Kurtis, A. Efrat, K. Barnard, and L. L. Restifo (2006)
J. Neurosci. 26, 8734-8747
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Physical and Functional Interaction of Fyn Tyrosine Kinase with a Brain-enriched Rho GTPase-activating Protein TCGAP.

H. Liu, T. Nakazawa, T. Tezuka, and T. Yamamoto (2006)
J. Biol. Chem. 281, 23611-23619
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Signaling across the synapse: a role for Wnt and Dishevelled in presynaptic assembly and neurotransmitter release.

A. Ahmad-Annuar, L. Ciani, I. Simeonidis, J. Herreros, N. B. Fredj, S. B. Rosso, A. Hall, S. Brickley, and P. C. Salinas (2006)
J. Cell Biol. 174, 127-139
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

The Docking Protein Cas Links Tyrosine Phosphorylation Signaling to Elongation of Cerebellar Granule Cell Axons.

J. Huang, R. Sakai, and T. Furuichi (2006)
Mol. Biol. Cell 17, 3187-3196
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Ca2+-sensing receptor induces Rho kinase-mediated actin stress fiber assembly and altered cell morphology, but not in response to aromatic amino acids.

S. L. Davies, C. E. Gibbons, T. Vizard, and D. T. Ward (2006)
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 290, C1543-C1551
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Light-Induced Photoreceptor Degeneration in the Mouse Involves Activation of the Small GTPase Rac1..

M. A. Belmonte, M. F. Santos, A. H. Kihara, C. Y. I. Yan, and D. E. Hamassaki (2006)
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 47, 1193-1200
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

A novel family of adhesion-like molecules that interacts with the NMDA receptor..

C.-Y. Wang, K. Chang, R. S. Petralia, Y.-X. Wang, G. K. Seabold, and R. J. Wenthold (2006)
J. Neurosci. 26, 2174-2183
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Localized recruitment and activation of RhoA underlies dendritic spine morphology in a glutamate receptor-dependent manner.

V. Schubert, J. S. Da Silva, and C. G. Dotti (2006)
J. Cell Biol. 172, 453-467
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Capture of the Late Phase of Long-Term Potentiation within and across the Apical and Basilar Dendritic Compartments of CA1 Pyramidal Neurons: Synaptic Tagging Is Compartment Restricted.

J. M. Alarcon, A. Barco, and E. R. Kandel (2006)
J. Neurosci. 26, 256-264
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Regulation of Dendritic Morphogenesis by Ras-PI3K-Akt-mTOR and Ras-MAPK Signaling Pathways.

V. Kumar, M.-X. Zhang, M. W. Swank, J. Kunz, and G.-Y. Wu (2005)
J. Neurosci. 25, 11288-11299
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Ral GTPases regulate neurite branching through GAP-43 and the exocyst complex.

G. Lalli and A. Hall (2005)
J. Cell Biol. 171, 857-869
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

The stress-regulated protein M6a is a key modulator for neurite outgrowth and filopodium/spine formation.

J. Alfonso, M. E. Fernandez, B. Cooper, G. Flugge, and A. C. Frasch (2005)
PNAS 102, 17196-17201
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

The Nonkinase Phorbol Ester Receptor {alpha}1-Chimerin Binds the NMDA Receptor NR2A Subunit and Regulates Dendritic Spine Density.

T. J. Van de Ven, H. M. A. VanDongen, and A. M. J. VanDongen (2005)
J. Neurosci. 25, 9488-9496
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Neuritogenesis and neuronal differentiation promoted by 2,4-dinitrophenol, a novel anti-amyloidogenic compound.

A. P. Wasilewska-Sampaio, M. S. Silveira, O. Holub, R. Goecking, F. C. A. Gomes, V. M. Neto, R. Linden, S. T. Ferreira, and F. G. De Felice (2005)
FASEB J 19, 1627-1636
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Regulation of Neurite Outgrowth in N1E-115 Cells through PDZ-Mediated Recruitment of Diacylglycerol Kinase {zeta}.

Y. Yakubchyk, H. Abramovici, J.-C. Maillet, E. Daher, C. Obagi, R. J. Parks, M. K. Topham, and S. H. Gee (2005)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 25, 7289-7302
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Process outgrowth in oligodendrocytes is mediated by CNP, a novel microtubule assembly myelin protein.

J. Lee, M. Gravel, R. Zhang, P. Thibault, and P. E. Braun (2005)
J. Cell Biol. 170, 661-673
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Myosins: Tails (and Heads) of Functional Diversity.

M. Krendel and M. S. Mooseker (2005)
Physiology 20, 239-251
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Abnormal Long-Lasting Synaptic Plasticity and Cognition in Mice Lacking the Mental Retardation Gene Pak3.

J. Meng, Y. Meng, A. Hanna, C. Janus, and Z. Jia (2005)
J. Neurosci. 25, 6641-6650
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Transcription Factor KLF7 Is Important for Neuronal Morphogenesis in Selected Regions of the Nervous System.

F. Laub, L. Lei, H. Sumiyoshi, D. Kajimura, C. Dragomir, S. Smaldone, A. C. Puche, T. J. Petros, C. Mason, L. F. Parada, et al. (2005)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 25, 5699-5711
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Integrin-Mediated Dendrite Branch Maintenance Requires Abelson (Abl) Family Kinases.

E. M. Y. Moresco, S. Donaldson, A. Williamson, and A. J. Koleske (2005)
J. Neurosci. 25, 6105-6118
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

The Abelson tyrosine kinase, the Trio GEF and Enabled interact with the Netrin receptor Frazzled in Drosophila.

D. J. Forsthoefel, E. C. Liebl, P. A. Kolodziej, and M. A. Seeger (2005)
Development 132, 1983-1994
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

A Rho family GTPase controls actin dynamics and tip growth via two counteracting downstream pathways in pollen tubes.

Y. Gu, Y. Fu, P. Dowd, S. Li, V. Vernoud, S. Gilroy, and Z. Yang (2005)
J. Cell Biol. 169, 127-138
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Dasm1: A Receptor That Shapes Neuronal Dendrites and Turns On Silent Synapses?.

D. L. Falls (2005)
Sci. STKE 2005, pe10
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Receptor tyrosine phosphatase-dependent cytoskeletal remodeling by the hedgehog-responsive gene MIM/BEG4.

R. Gonzalez-Quevedo, M. Shoffer, L. Horng, and A. E. Oro (2005)
J. Cell Biol. 168, 453-463
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

The role of the Rho GTPases in neuronal development.

E.-E. Govek, S. E. Newey, and L. Van Aelst (2005)
Genes & Dev. 19, 1-49
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

p116Rip Targets Myosin Phosphatase to the Actin Cytoskeleton and Is Essential for RhoA/ROCK-regulated Neuritogenesis.

J. Mulder, A. Ariaens, D. van den Boomen, and W. H. Moolenaar (2004)
Mol. Biol. Cell 15, 5516-5527
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Phosphorylation of DCC by Fyn mediates Netrin-1 signaling in growth cone guidance.

M. Meriane, J. Tcherkezian, C. A. Webber, E. I. Danek, I. Triki, S. McFarlane, E. Bloch-Gallego, and N. Lamarche-Vane (2004)
J. Cell Biol. 167, 687-698
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

The C-terminal Basic Tail of RhoG Assists the Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor Trio in Binding to Phospholipids.

K. R. Skowronek, F. Guo, Y. Zheng, and N. Nassar (2004)
J. Biol. Chem. 279, 37895-37907
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Vilse, a conserved Rac/Cdc42 GAP mediating Robo repulsion in tracheal cells and axons.

A. Lundstrom, M. Gallio, C. Englund, P. Steneberg, J. Hemphala, P. Aspenstrom, K. Keleman, L. Falileeva, B. J. Dickson, and C. Samakovlis (2004)
Genes & Dev. 18, 2161-2171
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Sra-1 interacts with Kette and Wasp and is required for neuronal and bristle development in Drosophila.

S. Bogdan, O. Grewe, M. Strunk, A. Mertens, and C. Klambt (2004)
Development 131, 3981-3989
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Rho Kinase Regulates Schwann Cell Myelination and Formation of Associated Axonal Domains.

C. V. Melendez-Vasquez, S. Einheber, and J. L. Salzer (2004)
J. Neurosci. 24, 3953-3963
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Netrin-1 and Semaphorin 3A Promote or Inhibit Cortical Axon Branching, Respectively, by Reorganization of the Cytoskeleton.

E. W. Dent, A. M. Barnes, F. Tang, and K. Kalil (2004)
J. Neurosci. 24, 3002-3012
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

ARNO and ARF6 Regulate Axonal Elongation and Branching through Downstream Activation of Phosphatidylinositol 4-Phosphate 5-Kinase {alpha}.

D. J. Hernandez-Deviez, M. G. Roth, J. E. Casanova, and J. M. Wilson (2004)
Mol. Biol. Cell 15, 111-120
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Smn, the spinal muscular atrophy-determining gene product, modulates axon growth and localization of {beta}-actin mRNA in growth cones of motoneurons.

W. Rossoll, S. Jablonka, C. Andreassi, A.-K. Kroning, K. Karle, U. R. Monani, and M. Sendtner (2003)
J. Cell Biol. 163, 801-812
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Kalirin, a Multifunctional Rho Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor, Is Necessary for Maintenance of Hippocampal Pyramidal Neuron Dendrites and Dendritic Spines.

X.-M. Ma, J. Huang, Y. Wang, B. A. Eipper, and R. E. Mains (2003)
J. Neurosci. 23, 10593-10603
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Myosin IIA Drives Neurite Retraction.

S. R. Wylie and P. D. Chantler (2003)
Mol. Biol. Cell 14, 4654-4666
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

The Role of Microtubule-Associated Protein 2c in the Reorganization of Microtubules and Lamellipodia during Neurite Initiation.

L. Dehmelt, F. M. Smart, R. S. Ozer, and S. Halpain (2003)
J. Neurosci. 23, 9479-9490
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Axon Guidance by Growth Cones and Branches: Common Cytoskeletal and Signaling Mechanisms.

E. W. Dent, F. Tang, and K. Kalil (2003)
Neuroscientist 9, 343-353
 |  Abstract »  |  PDF »

RhoA/ROCK regulation of neuritogenesis via profilin IIa-mediated control of actin stability.

J. S. Da Silva, M. Medina, C. Zuliani, A. Di Nardo, W. Witke, and C. G. Dotti (2003)
J. Cell Biol. 162, 1267-1279
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Dynamic Control of Neuronal Morphogenesis by Rho Signaling.

H. Bito (2003)
J. Biochem. 134, 315-319
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Formation of Hirano Bodies Induced by Expression of an Actin Cross-Linking Protein with a Gain-of-Function Mutation.

A. Maselli, R. Furukawa, S. A. M. Thomson, R. C. Davis, and M. Fechheimer (2003)
Eukaryot. Cell 2, 778-787
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Is Required for the Maintenance of Cortical Dendrites.

J. A. Gorski, S. R. Zeiler, S. Tamowski, and K. R. Jones (2003)
J. Neurosci. 23, 6856-6865
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Actin Filament-Stabilizing Protein Tropomyosin Regulates the Size of Dendritic Fields.

W. Li and F.-B. Gao (2003)
J. Neurosci. 23, 6171-6175
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Small GTPase Cdc42 Is Required for Multiple Aspects of Dendritic Morphogenesis.

E. K. Scott, J. E. Reuter, and L. Luo (2003)
J. Neurosci. 23, 3118-3123
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »