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Stomatal Development and Patterning Are Regulated by Environmentally Responsive Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases in Arabidopsis[W]
Huachun Wanga,b,c,
Njabulo Ngwenyamab,c,
Yidong Liub,c,
John C. Walkera,c, and
Shuqun Zhangb,c,1
a Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 b Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 c Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
1 To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail zhangsh{at}missouri.edu; fax 573-884-9676.
Abstract:
Stomata are specialized epidermal structures that regulate gas(CO2 and O2) and water vapor exchange between plants and theirenvironment. In Arabidopsis thaliana, stomatal development ispreceded by asymmetric cell divisions, and stomatal distributionfollows the one-cell spacing rule, reflecting the coordinationof cell fate specification. Stomatal development and patterningare regulated by both genetic and environmental signals. Here,we report that Arabidopsis MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE3(MPK3) and MPK6, two environmentally responsive mitogen-activatedprotein kinases (MAPKs), and their upstream MAPK kinases, MKK4and MKK5, are key regulators of stomatal development and patterning.Loss of function of MKK4/MKK5 or MPK3/MPK6 disrupts the coordinatedcell fate specification of stomata versus pavement cells, resultingin the formation of clustered stomata. Conversely, activationof MKK4/MKK5-MPK3/MPK6 causes the suppression of asymmetriccell divisions and stomatal cell fate specification, resultingin a lack of stomatal differentiation. We further establishthat the MKK4/MKK5-MPK3/MPK6 module is downstream of YODA, aMAPKKK. The establishment of a complete MAPK signaling cascadeas a key regulator of stomatal development and patterning advancesour understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of intercellularsignaling events that coordinate cell fate specification duringstomatal development.
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