Note to users. If you're seeing this message, it means that your browser cannot find this page's style/presentation instructions -- or possibly that you are using a browser that does not support current Web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing, and what you can do to make your experience of our site the best it can be.
Subscribe

Logo for

PNAS 101 (44): 15718-15723

Copyright © 2004 by the National Academy of Sciences.

MEDICAL SCIENCES

The gut microbiota as an environmental factor that regulates fat storage

Fredrik Bäckhed *, {dagger} {ddagger}, Hao Ding {ddagger}, § ¶, Ting Wang ||, Lora V. Hooper {dagger} **, Gou Young Koh {dagger}{dagger}, Andras Nagy §, {ddagger}{ddagger}, Clay F. Semenkovich §§, and Jeffrey I. Gordon *, {dagger}, ¶¶

*Center for Genome Sciences and Departments of {dagger}Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, ||Genetics, and §§Medicine, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; §Samuel Luenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X5; {dagger}{dagger}Biomedical Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea; and {ddagger}{ddagger}Department of Medical Genetics and Microbiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 1A8

Contributed by Jeffrey I. Gordon September 24, 2004

Abstract: New therapeutic targets for noncognitive reductions in energy intake, absorption, or storage are crucial given the worldwide epidemic of obesity. The gut microbial community (microbiota) is essential for processing dietary polysaccharides. We found that conventionalization of adult germ-free (GF) C57BL/6 mice with a normal microbiota harvested from the distal intestine (cecum) of conventionally raised animals produces a 60% increase in body fat content and insulin resistance within 14 days despite reduced food intake. Studies of GF and conventionalized mice revealed that the microbiota promotes absorption of monosaccharides from the gut lumen, with resulting induction of de novo hepatic lipogenesis. Fasting-induced adipocyte factor (Fiaf), a member of the angiopoietin-like family of proteins, is selectively suppressed in the intestinal epithelium of normal mice by conventionalization. Analysis of GF and conventionalized, normal and Fiaf knockout mice established that Fiaf is a circulating lipoprotein lipase inhibitor and that its suppression is essential for the microbiota-induced deposition of triglycerides in adipocytes. Studies of Rag1-/- animals indicate that these host responses do not require mature lymphocytes. Our findings suggest that the gut microbiota is an important environmental factor that affects energy harvest from the diet and energy storage in the host.

Key Words: symbiosis • nutrient processing • energy storage • adiposity • fasting-induced adipose factor

Author contributions: F.B., C.F.S., and J.I.G. designed research; F.B., H.D., and L.V.H. performed research; F.B., H.D., G.Y.K., and A.N. contributed new reagents/analytic tools; F.B., T.W., A.N., C.F.S., and J.I.G. analyzed data; F.B. and J.I.G. wrote the paper.

Freely available online through the PNAS open access option.

Abbreviations: GF, germ-free; Fiaf, fasting-induced adipocyte factor; B6, C57BL/6J; PPAR, peroxisome proliferator-activator receptor; CONV-R, conventionally raised; CONV-D, conventionalized; qRT-PCR, quantitative RT-PCR; LPL, lipoprotein lipase; Acc1, acetyl-CoA carboxylase; Fas, fatty acid synthase; SREBP-1, sterol response element binding protein 1; ChREBP, carbohydrate response element binding protein.

Data deposition: The sequences reported in this paper have been deposited in the GenBank database (accession nos. AY667702-AY668946).

{ddagger} F.B. and H.D. contributed equally to this work.

Present address: Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3E OW3.

** Present address: Center for Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390.

¶¶ To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: jgordon{at}molecool.wustl.edu.

© 2004 by The National Academy of Sciences of the USA

THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
Composition of Dietary Fat Source Shapes Gut Microbiota Architecture and Alters Host Inflammatory Mediators in Mouse Adipose Tissue.
E. Y. Huang, V. A. Leone, S. Devkota, Y. Wang, M. J. Brady, and E. B. Chang (2013)
JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Fatty Liver Accompanies an Increase in Lactobacillus Species in the Hind Gut of C57BL/6 Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet.
H. Zeng, J. Liu, M. I. Jackson, F.-Q. Zhao, L. Yan, and G. F. Combs Jr (2013)
J. Nutr. 143, 627-631
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Ketone body metabolism and cardiovascular disease.
D. G. Cotter, R. C. Schugar, and P. A. Crawford (2013)
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 304, H1060-H1076
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Short-Chain Fatty Acids Stimulate Angiopoietin-Like 4 Synthesis in Human Colon Adenocarcinoma Cells by Activating Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor {gamma}.
S. Alex, K. Lange, T. Amolo, J. S. Grinstead, A. K. Haakonsson, E. Szalowska, A. Koppen, K. Mudde, D. Haenen, S. Al-Lahham, et al. (2013)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 33, 1303-1316
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Methane and Hydrogen Positivity on Breath Test Is Associated With Greater Body Mass Index and Body Fat.
R. Mathur, M. Amichai, K. S. Chua, J. Mirocha, G. M. Barlow, and M. Pimentel (2013)
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 98, E698-E702
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Preserved adiposity in the Fischer 344 rat devoid of gut microbiota.
T. D. Swartz, Y. Sakar, F. A. Duca, and M. Covasa (2013)
FASEB J 27, 1701-1710
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: For Better or Worse, Blame the Gut Microbiota?.
D.-Y. Li, M. Yang, S. Edwards, and S.-Q. Ye (2013)
JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Conserved Shifts in the Gut Microbiota Due to Gastric Bypass Reduce Host Weight and Adiposity.
A. P. Liou, M. Paziuk, J.-M. Luevano Jr., S. Machineni, P. J. Turnbaugh, and L. M. Kaplan (2013)
Science Translational Medicine 5, 178ra41
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Effect of acupuncture treatment for weight loss on gut flora in patients with simple obesity.
Z. Xu, R. Li, C. Zhu, and M. Li (2013)
Acupunct Med 31, 116-117
   Full Text »    PDF »
A Mixture of trans-Galactooligosaccharides Reduces Markers of Metabolic Syndrome and Modulates the Fecal Microbiota and Immune Function of Overweight Adults.
J. Vulevic, A. Juric, G. Tzortzis, and G. R. Gibson (2013)
J. Nutr. 143, 324-331
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Animals in a bacterial world, a new imperative for the life sciences.
M. McFall-Ngai, M. G. Hadfield, T. C. G. Bosch, H. V. Carey, T. Domazet-Loso, A. E. Douglas, N. Dubilier, G. Eberl, T. Fukami, S. F. Gilbert, et al. (2013)
PNAS 110, 3229-3236
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The nonfermentable dietary fiber hydroxypropyl methylcellulose modulates intestinal microbiota.
L. M. Cox, I. Cho, S. A. Young, W. H. K. Anderson, B. J. Waters, S.-C. Hung, Z. Gao, D. Mahana, M. Bihan, A. V. Alekseyenko, et al. (2013)
FASEB J 27, 692-702
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Diet-Induced Alterations of Host Cholesterol Metabolism Are Likely To Affect the Gut Microbiota Composition in Hamsters.
I. Martinez, D. J. Perdicaro, A. W. Brown, S. Hammons, T. J. Carden, T. P. Carr, K. M. Eskridge, and J. Walter (2013)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 79, 516-524
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A metagenomic insight into our gut's microbiome.
P. Lepage, M. C. Leclerc, M. Joossens, S. Mondot, H. M. Blottiere, J. Raes, D. Ehrlich, and J. Dore (2013)
Gut 62, 146-158
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Seasonal restructuring of the ground squirrel gut microbiota over the annual hibernation cycle.
H. V. Carey, W. A. Walters, and R. Knight (2013)
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol 304, R33-R42
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Gut-derived lipopolysaccharide augments adipose macrophage accumulation but is not essential for impaired glucose or insulin tolerance in mice.
R. Caesar, C. S. Reigstad, H. K. Backhed, C. Reinhardt, M. Ketonen, G. Ostergren Lunden, P. D. Cani, and F. Backhed (2012)
Gut 61, 1701-1707
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Intestinal microbiota determines development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice.
T. Le Roy, M. Llopis, P. Lepage, A. Bruneau, S. Rabot, C. Bevilacqua, P. Martin, C. Philippe, F. Walker, A. Bado, et al. (2012)
Gut
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Lipopolysaccharide-Binding Protein, a Surrogate Marker of Microbial Translocation, Is Associated With Physical Function in Healthy Older Adults.
J. R. Stehle Jr, X. Leng, D. W. Kitzman, B. J. Nicklas, S. B. Kritchevsky, and K. P. High (2012)
J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 67, 1212-1218
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Can Nutritional Modulation of Maternal Intestinal Microbiota Influence the Development of the Infant Gastrointestinal Tract?.
C. Thum, A. L. Cookson, D. E. Otter, W. C. McNabb, A. J. Hodgkinson, J. Dyer, and N. C. Roy (2012)
J. Nutr. 142, 1921-1928
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Toward an Understanding of Changes in Diversity Associated with Fecal Microbiome Transplantation Based on 16S rRNA Gene Deep Sequencing.
D. Shahinas, M. Silverman, T. Sittler, C. Chiu, P. Kim, E. Allen-Vercoe, S. Weese, A. Wong, D. E. Low, and D. R. Pillai (2012)
mBio 3, e00338-12
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Regulation of Metabolism: A Cross Talk Between Gut Microbiota and Its Human Host.
R. Burcelin (2012)
Physiology 27, 300-307
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Gut Microbiota Metabolism of Anthocyanin Promotes Reverse Cholesterol Transport in Mice Via Repressing miRNA-10b.
D. Wang, M. Xia, X. Yan, D. Li, L. Wang, Y. Xu, T. Jin, and W. Ling (2012)
Circ. Res. 111, 967-981
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Role of Whole Grains in Body Weight Regulation.
J. P. Karl and E. Saltzman (2012)
Adv Nutr 3, 697-707
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Saturated fat stimulates obesity and hepatic steatosis and affects gut microbiota composition by an enhanced overflow of dietary fat to the distal intestine.
N. de Wit, M. Derrien, H. Bosch-Vermeulen, E. Oosterink, S. Keshtkar, C. Duval, J. de Vogel-van den Bosch, M. Kleerebezem, M. Muller, and R. van der Meer (2012)
Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 303, G589-G599
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Direct fed microbial supplementation repartitions host energy to the immune system.
R. Qiu, J. Croom, R. A. Ali, A. L. Ballou, C. D. Smith, C. M. Ashwell, H. M. Hassan, C.- C. Chiang, and M. D. Koci (2012)
J Anim Sci 90, 2639-2651
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Quantitative assessment of the impact of the gut microbiota on lysine {varepsilon}-acetylation of host proteins using gnotobiotic mice.
G. M. Simon, J. Cheng, and J. I. Gordon (2012)
PNAS 109, 11133-11138
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The gut microbiota elicits a profound metabolic reorientation in the mouse jejunal mucosa during conventionalisation.
S. El Aidy, C. A. Merrifield, M. Derrien, P. van Baarlen, G. Hooiveld, F. Levenez, J. Dore, J. Dekker, E. Holmes, S. P. Claus, et al. (2012)
Gut
   Abstract »    Full Text »
2010 Informal Nutrition Symposium * Remodeling the intestinal ecosystem toward better performance and intestinal health.
A. A. Pedroso, J. Maurer, Y. Cheng, and M. D. Lee (2012)
J. Appl. Poult. Res. 21, 432-443
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Contrasting effects of Bifidobacterium breve NCIMB 702258 and Bifidobacterium breve DPC 6330 on the composition of murine brain fatty acids and gut microbiota.
R. Wall, T. M. Marques, O. O'Sullivan, R. P. Ross, F. Shanahan, E. M. Quigley, T. G. Dinan, B. Kiely, G. F. Fitzgerald, P. D. Cotter, et al. (2012)
Am J Clin Nutr 95, 1278-1287
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Human Microbiome and Its Potential Importance to Pediatrics.
C. L. Johnson and J. Versalovic (2012)
Pediatrics 129, 950-960
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Ecological Succession of Bacterial Communities during Conventionalization of Germ-Free Mice.
M. G. Gillilland III, J. R. Erb-Downward, C. M. Bassis, M. C. Shen, G. B. Toews, V. B. Young, and G. B. Huffnagle (2012)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 78, 2359-2366
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Effects of Gut Microbes on Nutrient Absorption and Energy Regulation.
R. Krajmalnik-Brown, Z.-E. Ilhan, D.-W. Kang, and J. K. DiBaise (2012)
Nutr Clin Pract 27, 201-214
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Metabolic adaptation to a high-fat diet is associated with a change in the gut microbiota.
M. Serino, E. Luche, S. Gres, A. Baylac, M. Berge, C. Cenac, A. Waget, P. Klopp, J. Iacovoni, C. Klopp, et al. (2012)
Gut 61, 543-553
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Angiopoietin-like 4 (Angptl4) Protein Is a Physiological Mediator of Intracellular Lipolysis in Murine Adipocytes.
N. E. Gray, L. N. Lam, K. Yang, A. Y. Zhou, S. Koliwad, and J.-C. Wang (2012)
J. Biol. Chem. 287, 8444-8456
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Minireview: Epigenetics of Obesity and Diabetes in Humans.
H. Slomko, H. J. Heo, and F. H. Einstein (2012)
Endocrinology 153, 1025-1030
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Probiotics in the Treatment of the Liver Diseases.
I. A. Kirpich and C. J. McClain (2012)
J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 31, 14-23
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Metabolic effects of dietary sugar beet pulp or wheat bran in growing female pigs.
T. E. Weber and B. J. Kerr (2012)
J Anim Sci 90, 523-532
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Role of innate immunity and the microbiota in liver fibrosis: crosstalk between the liver and gut.
E. Seki and B. Schnabl (2012)
J. Physiol. 590, 447-458
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Transient TLR Activation Restores Inflammatory Response and Ability To Control Pulmonary Bacterial Infection in Germfree Mice.
C. T. Fagundes, F. A. Amaral, A. T. Vieira, A. C. Soares, V. Pinho, J. R. Nicoli, L. Q. Vieira, M. M. Teixeira, and D. G. Souza (2012)
J. Immunol. 188, 1411-1420
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Responses of Gut Microbiota and Glucose and Lipid Metabolism to Prebiotics in Genetic Obese and Diet-Induced Leptin-Resistant Mice.
A. Everard, V. Lazarevic, M. Derrien, M. Girard, G. G. Muccioli, A. M. Neyrinck, S. Possemiers, A. Van Holle, P. Francois, W. M. de Vos, et al. (2011)
Diabetes 60, 2775-2786
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Pharmaconutrition for the Obese, Critically Ill Patient.
R. T. Hurt, T. H. Frazier, S. A. McClave, and M. C. Cave (2011)
JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 35, 60S-72S
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Biology's response to dieting: the impetus for weight regain.
P. S. MacLean, A. Bergouignan, M.-A. Cornier, and M. R. Jackman (2011)
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol 301, R581-R600
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Gut Microbiota, Intestinal Permeability, Obesity-Induced Inflammation, and Liver Injury.
T. H. Frazier, J. K. DiBaise, and C. J. McClain (2011)
JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 35, 14S-20S
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The hybrid science of diet, microbes, and metabolic health.
F. Shanahan and E. Murphy (2011)
Am J Clin Nutr 94, 1-2
   Full Text »    PDF »
Energy-balance studies reveal associations between gut microbes, caloric load, and nutrient absorption in humans.
R. Jumpertz, D. S. Le, P. J. Turnbaugh, C. Trinidad, C. Bogardus, J. I. Gordon, and J. Krakoff (2011)
Am J Clin Nutr 94, 58-65
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Bifidobacterium longum supplementation improved high-fat-fed-induced metabolic syndrome and promoted intestinal Reg I gene expression.
J. J. Chen, R. Wang, X.-f. Li, and R.-l. Wang (2011)
Exp Biol Med 236, 823-831
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Proteolytic Processing of Angiopoietin-like Protein 4 by Proprotein Convertases Modulates Its Inhibitory Effects on Lipoprotein Lipase Activity.
X. Lei, F. Shi, D. Basu, A. Huq, S. Routhier, R. Day, and W. Jin (2011)
J. Biol. Chem. 286, 15747-15756
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Extensive personal human gut microbiota culture collections characterized and manipulated in gnotobiotic mice.
A. L. Goodman, G. Kallstrom, J. J. Faith, A. Reyes, A. Moore, G. Dantas, and J. I. Gordon (2011)
PNAS 108, 6252-6257
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Host-microbial symbiosis in the vertebrate gastrointestinal tract and the Lactobacillus reuteri paradigm.
J. Walter, R. A. Britton, and S. Roos (2011)
PNAS 108, 4645-4652
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Systemic gut microbial modulation of bile acid metabolism in host tissue compartments.
J. R. Swann, E. J. Want, F. M. Geier, K. Spagou, I. D. Wilson, J. E. Sidaway, J. K. Nicholson, and E. Holmes (2011)
PNAS 108, 4523-4530
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Human oral, gut, and plaque microbiota in patients with atherosclerosis.
O. Koren, A. Spor, J. Felin, F. Fak, J. Stombaugh, V. Tremaroli, C. J. Behre, R. Knight, B. Fagerberg, R. E. Ley, et al. (2011)
PNAS 108, 4592-4598
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT SYMPOSIUM: Promoting healthier humans through healthier livestock: Animal agriculture enters the metagenomics era.
D. N. Frank (2011)
J Anim Sci 89, 835-844
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Gut Microbiota, Lipopolysaccharides, and Innate Immunity in the Pathogenesis of Obesity and Cardiovascular Risk.
M. Manco, L. Putignani, and G. F. Bottazzo (2010)
Endocr. Rev. 31, 817-844
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Composition and energy harvesting capacity of the gut microbiota: relationship to diet, obesity and time in mouse models.
E. F. Murphy, P. D. Cotter, S. Healy, T. M. Marques, O. O'Sullivan, F. Fouhy, S. F. Clarke, P. W. O'Toole, E. M. Quigley, C. Stanton, et al. (2010)
Gut 59, 1635-1642
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Germ-free C57BL/6J mice are resistant to high-fat-diet-induced insulin resistance and have altered cholesterol metabolism.
S. Rabot, M. Membrez, A. Bruneau, P. Gerard, T. Harach, M. Moser, F. Raymond, R. Mansourian, and C. J. Chou (2010)
FASEB J 24, 4948-4959
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A role for the gut microbiota in energy harvesting?.
V. Tremaroli, P. Kovatcheva-Datchary, and F. Backhed (2010)
Gut 59, 1589-1590
   Full Text »    PDF »
Differential Adaptation of Human Gut Microbiota to Bariatric Surgery-Induced Weight Loss: Links With Metabolic and Low-Grade Inflammation Markers.
J.-P. Furet, L.-C. Kong, J. Tap, C. Poitou, A. Basdevant, J.-L. Bouillot, D. Mariat, G. Corthier, J. Dore, C. Henegar, et al. (2010)
Diabetes 59, 3049-3057
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Deficits in gastrointestinal responses controlling food intake and body weight.
M. Covasa (2010)
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol 299, R1423-R1439
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Individuality in gut microbiota composition is a complex polygenic trait shaped by multiple environmental and host genetic factors.
A. K. Benson, S. A. Kelly, R. Legge, F. Ma, S. J. Low, J. Kim, M. Zhang, P. L. Oh, D. Nehrenberg, K. Hua, et al. (2010)
PNAS 107, 18933-18938
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Effect of mother's weight on infant's microbiota acquisition, composition, and activity during early infancy: a prospective follow-up study initiated in early pregnancy.
M. C. Collado, E. Isolauri, K. Laitinen, and S. Salminen (2010)
Am J Clin Nutr 92, 1023-1030
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A new macrocyclic antibiotic, fidaxomicin (OPT-80), causes less alteration to the bowel microbiota of Clostridium difficile-infected patients than does vancomycin.
G. W. Tannock, K. Munro, C. Taylor, B. Lawley, W. Young, B. Byrne, J. Emery, and T. Louie (2010)
Microbiology 156, 3354-3359
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Hypothalamic Angptl4/Fiaf Is a Novel Regulator of Food Intake and Body Weight.
H.-K. Kim, B.-S. Youn, M.-S. Shin, C. Namkoong, K. H. Park, J. H. Baik, J. B. Kim, J.-Y. Park, K.-u. Lee, Y.-B. Kim, et al. (2010)
Diabetes 59, 2772-2780
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Obesity, Diabetes, and Gut Microbiota: The hygiene hypothesis expanded?.
G. Musso, R. Gambino, and M. Cassader (2010)
Diabetes Care 33, 2277-2284
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
From Structure to Function: the Ecology of Host-Associated Microbial Communities.
C. J. Robinson, B. J. M. Bohannan, and V. B. Young (2010)
Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 74, 453-476
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Microbiota matures colonic epithelium through a coordinated induction of cell cycle-related proteins in gnotobiotic rat.
C. Cherbuy, E. Honvo-Houeto, A. Bruneau, C. Bridonneau, C. Mayeur, P.-H. Duee, P. Langella, and M. Thomas (2010)
Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 299, G348-G357
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Propensity to high-fat diet-induced obesity in rats is associated with changes in the gut microbiota and gut inflammation.
C. B. de La Serre, C. L. Ellis, J. Lee, A. L. Hartman, J. C. Rutledge, and H. E. Raybould (2010)
Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 299, G440-G448
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Gut Microbiota in Health and Disease.
I. Sekirov, S. L. Russell, L. C. M. Antunes, and B. B. Finlay (2010)
Physiol Rev 90, 859-904
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Lactobacillus plantarum strain No. 14 reduces adipocyte size in mice fed high-fat diet.
N. Takemura, T. Okubo, and K. Sonoyama (2010)
Exp Biol Med 235, 849-856
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Delivery mode shapes the acquisition and structure of the initial microbiota across multiple body habitats in newborns.
M. G. Dominguez-Bello, E. K. Costello, M. Contreras, M. Magris, G. Hidalgo, N. Fierer, and R. Knight (2010)
PNAS 107, 11971-11975
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Induction of Cardiac Angptl4 by Dietary Fatty Acids Is Mediated by Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor {beta}/{delta} and Protects Against Fatty Acid-Induced Oxidative Stress.
A. Georgiadi, L. Lichtenstein, T. Degenhardt, M. V. Boekschoten, M. van Bilsen, B. Desvergne, M. Muller, and S. Kersten (2010)
Circ. Res. 106, 1712-1721
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Article Commentary: High-Fat Diet Determines the Composition of the Murine Gut Microbiome Independently of Obesity.
G. E. Mullin (2010)
Nutr Clin Pract 25, 310-311
   Full Text »    PDF »
Cesarean Delivery Is Associated With Celiac Disease but Not Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Children.
E. Decker, G. Engelmann, A. Findeisen, P. Gerner, M. Laass, D. Ney, C. Posovszky, L. Hoy, and M. W. Hornef (2010)
Pediatrics 125, e1433-e1440
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The gut microbiota modulates host energy and lipid metabolism in mice.
V. R. Velagapudi, R. Hezaveh, C. S. Reigstad, P. Gopalacharyulu, L. Yetukuri, S. Islam, J. Felin, R. Perkins, J. Boren, M. Oresic, et al. (2010)
J. Lipid Res. 51, 1101-1112
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Metabolic Syndrome and Altered Gut Microbiota in Mice Lacking Toll-Like Receptor 5.
M. Vijay-Kumar, J. D. Aitken, F. A. Carvalho, T. C. Cullender, S. Mwangi, S. Srinivasan, S. V. Sitaraman, R. Knight, R. E. Ley, and A. T. Gewirtz (2010)
Science 328, 228-231
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Quantitation of serum angiopoietin-like proteins 3 and 4 in a Finnish population sample.
M. R. Robciuc, E. Tahvanainen, M. Jauhiainen, and C. Ehnholm (2010)
J. Lipid Res. 51, 824-831
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Depletion of Liver Kupffer Cells Prevents the Development of Diet-Induced Hepatic Steatosis and Insulin Resistance.
W. Huang, A. Metlakunta, N. Dedousis, P. Zhang, I. Sipula, J. J. Dube, D. K. Scott, and R. M. O'Doherty (2010)
Diabetes 59, 347-357
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Tissue expression of angiopoietin-like protein 4 in cattle.
L. K. Mamedova, K. Robbins, B. J. Johnson, and B. J. Bradford (2010)
J Anim Sci 88, 124-130
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Associations between Common Genetic Polymorphisms in Angiopoietin-Like Proteins 3 and 4 and Lipid Metabolism and Adiposity in European Adolescents and Adults.
V. Legry, S. Bokor, D. Cottel, L. Beghin, G. Catasta, E. Nagy, M. Gonzalez-Gross, A. Spinneker, P. Stehle, D. Molnar, et al. (2009)
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 94, 5070-5077
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Gut Check: Testing a Role for the Intestinal Microbiome in Human Obesity.
J. S. Flier and J. J. Mekalanos (2009)
Science Translational Medicine 1, 6ps7
   Full Text »    PDF »
Angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4, Fasting-induced Adipose Factor) Is a Direct Glucocorticoid Receptor Target and Participates in Glucocorticoid-regulated Triglyceride Metabolism.
S. K. Koliwad, T. Kuo, L. E. Shipp, N. E. Gray, F. Backhed, A. Y.-L. So, R. V. Farese Jr, and J.-C. Wang (2009)
J. Biol. Chem. 284, 25593-25601
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The core gut microbiome, energy balance and obesity.
P. J. Turnbaugh and J. I. Gordon (2009)
J. Physiol. 587, 4153-4158
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Therapeutic implications of manipulating and mining the microbiota.
F. Shanahan (2009)
J. Physiol. 587, 4175-4179
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Effects of probiotics and commensals on intestinal epithelial physiology: implications for nutrient handling.
S. C. Resta (2009)
J. Physiol. 587, 4169-4174
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Probiotic carbohydrates reduce intestinal permeability and inflammation in metabolic diseases.
M. Z. Strowski and B. Wiedenmann (2009)
Gut 58, 1044-1045
   Full Text »    PDF »
Ontogeny and nutritional control of adipogenesis in zebrafish (Danio rerio).
E. J. Flynn III, C. M. Trent, and J. F. Rawls (2009)
J. Lipid Res. 50, 1641-1652
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Changes in gut microbiota control inflammation in obese mice through a mechanism involving GLP-2-driven improvement of gut permeability.
P. D. Cani, S. Possemiers, T. Van de Wiele, Y. Guiot, A. Everard, O. Rottier, L. Geurts, D. Naslain, A. Neyrinck, D. M. Lambert, et al. (2009)
Gut 58, 1091-1103
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Regulation of myocardial ketone body metabolism by the gut microbiota during nutrient deprivation.
P. A. Crawford, J. R. Crowley, N. Sambandam, B. D. Muegge, E. K. Costello, M. Hamady, R. Knight, and J. I. Gordon (2009)
PNAS 106, 11276-11281
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
AMPK in Health and Disease.
G. R. Steinberg and B. E. Kemp (2009)
Physiol Rev 89, 1025-1078
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Diet-Induced Metabolic Improvements in a Hamster Model of Hypercholesterolemia Are Strongly Linked to Alterations of the Gut Microbiota.
I. Martinez, G. Wallace, C. Zhang, R. Legge, A. K. Benson, T. P. Carr, E. N. Moriyama, and J. Walter (2009)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 75, 4175-4184
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Metabolic activity of the enteric microbiota influences the fatty acid composition of murine and porcine liver and adipose tissues.
R. Wall, R P. Ross, F. Shanahan, L. O'Mahony, C. O'Mahony, M. Coakley, O. Hart, P. Lawlor, E. M Quigley, B. Kiely, et al. (2009)
Am J Clin Nutr 89, 1393-1401
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Intestinal Microbiota: Does It Play a Role in Diseases of the Neonate?.
R. Sharma, C. Young, M. Mshvildadze, and J. Neu (2009)
NeoReviews 10, e166-e179
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »

To Advertise     Find Products

Science Signaling. ISSN 1937-9145 (online), 1945-0877 (print). Pre-2008: Science's STKE. ISSN 1525-8882