Note to users. If you're seeing this message, it means that your browser cannot find this page's style/presentation instructions -- or possibly that you are using a browser that does not support current Web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing, and what you can do to make your experience of our site the best it can be.
Subscribe

Logo for

Science 296 (5577): 2395-2398

Copyright © 2002 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science

Channelrhodopsin-1: A Light-Gated Proton Channel in Green Algae

Georg Nagel,1* Doris Ollig,1 Markus Fuhrmann,2 Suneel Kateriya,2 Anna Maria Musti,3 Ernst Bamberg,1 Peter Hegemann2

Phototaxis and photophobic responses of green algae are mediated by rhodopsins with microbial-type chromophores. We report a complementary DNA sequence in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii that encodes a microbial opsin-related protein, which we term Channelopsin-1. The hydrophobic core region of the protein shows homology to the light-activated proton pump bacteriorhodopsin. Expression of Channelopsin-1, or only the hydrophobic core, in Xenopus laevis oocytes in the presence of all-trans retinal produces a light-gated conductance that shows characteristics of a channel selectively permeable for protons. We suggest that Channelrhodopsins are involved in phototaxis of green algae.

1 Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysik, Kennedyallee 70, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
2 Institut für Biochemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
3 Dipartimento Farmaco-Biologico Università della Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy.
*   To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: nagel{at}mpibp-frankfurt.mpg.de

THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
Optogenetic Modulation of an Adenylate Cyclase in Toxoplasma gondii Demonstrates a Requirement of the Parasite cAMP for Host-Cell Invasion and Stage Differentiation.
A. Hartmann, R. D. Arroyo-Olarte, K. Imkeller, P. Hegemann, R. Lucius, and N. Gupta (2013)
J. Biol. Chem. 288, 13705-13717
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Heme-Binding Protein SOUL3 of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Influences Size and Position of the Eyespot.
T. Schulze, S. Schreiber, D. Iliev, J. Boesger, J. Trippens, G. Kreimer, and M. Mittag (2013)
Mol Plant 6, 931-944
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cardiac optogenetics.
E. Entcheva (2013)
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 304, H1179-H1191
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Transient protonation changes in channelrhodopsin-2 and their relevance to channel gating.
V. A. Lorenz-Fonfria, T. Resler, N. Krause, M. Nack, M. Gossing, G. Fischer von Mollard, C. Bamann, E. Bamberg, R. Schlesinger, and J. Heberle (2013)
PNAS 110, E1273-E1281
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Voltage-Gated Proton Channels: Molecular Biology, Physiology, and Pathophysiology of the HV Family.
T. E. DeCoursey (2013)
Physiol Rev 93, 599-652
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Heterotrimeric G protein signalling in the plant kingdom.
D. Urano, J.-G. Chen, J. R. Botella, and A. M. Jones (2013)
Open Bio 3, 120186
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
"Round Up the Usual Suspects": A Comment on Nonexistent Plant G Protein-Coupled Receptors.
D. Urano and A. M. Jones (2013)
Plant Physiology 161, 1097-1102
   Full Text »    PDF »
A linkage analysis toolkit for studying allosteric networks in ion channels.
D. Sigg (2012)
J. Gen. Physiol. 141, 29-60
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Phototropin Influence on Eyespot Development and Regulation of Phototactic Behavior in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.
J. Trippens, A. Greiner, J. Schellwat, M. Neukam, T. Rottmann, Y. Lu, S. Kateriya, P. Hegemann, and G. Kreimer (2012)
PLANT CELL 24, 4687-4702
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Color-tuned Channelrhodopsins for Multiwavelength Optogenetics.
M. Prigge, F. Schneider, S. P. Tsunoda, C. Shilyansky, J. Wietek, K. Deisseroth, and P. Hegemann (2012)
J. Biol. Chem. 287, 31804-31812
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Interaction between Amyloid-{beta} Pathology and Cortical Functional Columnar Organization.
S. Beker, V. Kellner, L. Kerti, and E. A. Stern (2012)
J. Neurosci. 32, 11241-11249
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Wnt Signaling in Neuromuscular Junction Development.
K. Koles and V. Budnik (2012)
Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 4, a008045
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Structural Model of Channelrhodopsin.
H. C. Watanabe, K. Welke, F. Schneider, S. Tsunoda, F. Zhang, K. Deisseroth, P. Hegemann, and M. Elstner (2012)
J. Biol. Chem. 287, 7456-7466
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Bioinformatic and Mutational Analysis of Channelrhodopsin-2 Protein Cation-conducting Pathway.
A. P. Plazzo, N. De Franceschi, F. Da Broi, F. Zonta, M. F. Sanasi, F. Filippini, and M. Mongillo (2012)
J. Biol. Chem. 287, 4818-4825
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Miniature- and Multiple-Eyespot Loci in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Define New Modulators of Eyespot Photoreception and Assembly.
J. S. Boyd, M. R. Lamb, C. L. Dieckmann, and S. L. Forsburg (2011)
g3 1, 489-498
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Chloroplast Calcium Sensor CAS Is Required for Photoacclimation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.
D. Petroutsos, A. Busch, I. Janssen, K. Trompelt, S. V. Bergner, S. Weinl, M. Holtkamp, U. Karst, J. Kudla, and M. Hippler (2011)
PLANT CELL 23, 2950-2963
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Reduction-oxidation poise regulates the sign of phototaxis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.
K.-i. Wakabayashi, Y. Misawa, S. Mochiji, and R. Kamiya (2011)
PNAS 108, 11280-11284
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The 64th Symposium of the Society for General Physiologists: optogenetics and superresolution microscopy take center stage.
G. C. R. Ellis-Davies and E. N. Pugh Jr. (2011)
J. Gen. Physiol. 138, 1-11
   Full Text »    PDF »
A Synthetic Optogenetic Transcription Device Enhances Blood-Glucose Homeostasis in Mice.
H. Ye, M. D.-E. Baba, R.-W. Peng, and M. Fussenegger (2011)
Science 332, 1565-1568
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
New Channelrhodopsin with a Red-Shifted Spectrum and Rapid Kinetics from Mesostigma viride.
E. G. Govorunova, E. N. Spudich, C. E. Lane, O. A. Sineshchekov, and J. L. Spudich (2011)
mBio 2, e00115-11
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Asymmetric properties of the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cytoskeleton direct rhodopsin photoreceptor localization.
T. M. Mittelmeier, J. S. Boyd, M. R. Lamb, and C. L. Dieckmann (2011)
J. Cell Biol. 193, 741-753
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Thioredoxin-family protein EYE2 and Ser/Thr kinase EYE3 play interdependent roles in eyespot assembly.
J. S. Boyd, T. M. Mittelmeier, M. R. Lamb, and C. L. Dieckmann (2011)
Mol. Biol. Cell 22, 1421-1429
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Microbial Opsins: A Family of Single-Component Tools for Optical Control of Neural Activity.
O. Yizhar, L. Fenno, F. Zhang, P. Hegemann, and K. Diesseroth (2011)
Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2011, top102
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A user's guide to channelrhodopsin variants: features, limitations and future developments.
J. Y. Lin (2011)
Exp Physiol 96, 19-25
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Evolution of phototaxis.
G. Jekely (2009)
Phil Trans R Soc B 364, 2795-2808
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Eye evolution: common use and independent recruitment of genetic components.
P. Vopalensky and Z. Kozmik (2009)
Phil Trans R Soc B 364, 2819-2832
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Channelrhodopsins of Volvox carteri Are Photochromic Proteins That Are Specifically Expressed in Somatic Cells under Control of Light, Temperature, and the Sex Inducer.
A. Kianianmomeni, K. Stehfest, G. Nematollahi, P. Hegemann, and A. Hallmann (2009)
Plant Physiology 151, 347-366
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Biochemical and Structural Studies of the Large Ycf4-Photosystem I Assembly Complex of the Green Alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.
S.-i. Ozawa, J. Nield, A. Terao, E. J. Stauber, M. Hippler, H. Koike, J.-D. Rochaix, and Y. Takahashi (2009)
PLANT CELL 21, 2424-2442
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Channelrhodopsin-2 is a leaky proton pump.
K. Feldbauer, D. Zimmermann, V. Pintschovius, J. Spitz, C. Bamann, and E. Bamberg (2009)
PNAS 106, 12317-12322
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Smelling the difference: controversial ideas in insect olfaction.
M. Pellegrino and T. Nakagawa (2009)
J. Exp. Biol. 212, 1973-1979
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Molecular Determinants Differentiating Photocurrent Properties of Two Channelrhodopsins from Chlamydomonas.
H. Wang, Y. Sugiyama, T. Hikima, E. Sugano, H. Tomita, T. Takahashi, T. Ishizuka, and H. Yawo (2009)
J. Biol. Chem. 284, 5685-5696
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Monitoring Light-induced Structural Changes of Channelrhodopsin-2 by UV-visible and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy.
E. Ritter, K. Stehfest, A. Berndt, P. Hegemann, and F. J. Bartl (2008)
J. Biol. Chem. 283, 35033-35041
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
C2 Domain Protein MIN1 Promotes Eyespot Organization in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.
T. M. Mittelmeier, P. Berthold, A. Danon, M. R. Lamb, A. Levitan, M. E. Rice, and C. L. Dieckmann (2008)
Eukaryot. Cell 7, 2100-2112
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Ion Channels in Microbes.
B. Martinac, Y. Saimi, and C. Kung (2008)
Physiol Rev 88, 1449-1490
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Channelrhodopsin-1 Initiates Phototaxis and Photophobic Responses in Chlamydomonas by Immediate Light-Induced Depolarization.
P. Berthold, S. P. Tsunoda, O. P. Ernst, W. Mages, D. Gradmann, and P. Hegemann (2008)
PLANT CELL 20, 1665-1677
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Phosphoproteome of a Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Eyespot Fraction Includes Key Proteins of the Light Signaling Pathway.
V. Wagner, K. Ullmann, A. Mollwo, M. Kaminski, M. Mittag, and G. Kreimer (2008)
Plant Physiology 146, 772-788
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Photoactivation of Channelrhodopsin.
O. P. Ernst, P. A. S. Murcia, P. Daldrop, S. P. Tsunoda, S. Kateriya, and P. Hegemann (2008)
J. Biol. Chem. 283, 1637-1643
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Targeting and Readout Strategies for Fast Optical Neural Control In Vitro and In Vivo.
V. Gradinaru, K. R. Thompson, F. Zhang, M. Mogri, K. Kay, M. B. Schneider, and K. Deisseroth (2007)
J. Neurosci. 27, 14231-14238
   Full Text »    PDF »
Cross-kingdom signalling: exploitation of bacterial quorum sensing molecules by the green seaweed Ulva.
I. Joint, K. Tait, and G. Wheeler (2007)
Phil Trans R Soc B 362, 1223-1233
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Proteomic Analysis of the Eyespot of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Provides Novel Insights into Its Components and Tactic Movements.
M. Schmidt, G. Gessner, M. Luff, I. Heiland, V. Wagner, M. Kaminski, S. Geimer, N. Eitzinger, T. Reissenweber, O. Voytsekh, et al. (2006)
PLANT CELL 18, 1908-1930
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Fast noninvasive activation and inhibition of neural and network activity by vertebrate rhodopsin and green algae channelrhodopsin.
X. Li, D. V. Gutierrez, M. G. Hanson, J. Han, M. D. Mark, H. Chiel, P. Hegemann, L. T. Landmesser, and S. Herlitze (2005)
PNAS 102, 17816-17821
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Leptosphaeria rhodopsin: Bacteriorhodopsin-like proton pump from a eukaryote.
S. A. Waschuk, A. G. Bezerra Jr., L. Shi, and L. S. Brown (2005)
PNAS 102, 6879-6883
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Phototactic activity in Chlamydomonas 'non-phototactic' mutants deficient in Ca2+-dependent control of flagellar dominance or in inner-arm dynein.
N. Okita, N. Isogai, M. Hirono, R. Kamiya, and K. Yoshimura (2005)
J. Cell Sci. 118, 529-537
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Illumination of the Melanopsin Signaling Pathway.
S. Panda, S. K. Nayak, B. Campo, J. R. Walker, J. B. Hogenesch, and T. Jegla (2005)
Science 307, 600-604
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
"Vision" in Single-Celled Algae.
S. Kateriya, G. Nagel, E. Bamberg, and P. Hegemann (2004)
Physiology 19, 133-137
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Channelrhodopsin-2, a directly light-gated cation-selective membrane channel.
G. Nagel, T. Szellas, W. Huhn, S. Kateriya, N. Adeishvili, P. Berthold, D. Ollig, P. Hegemann, and E. Bamberg (2003)
PNAS 100, 13940-13945
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Phototropin is the blue-light receptor that controls multiple steps in the sexual life cycle of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.
K. Huang and C. F. Beck (2003)
PNAS 100, 6269-6274
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Voltage-Gated Proton Channels and Other Proton Transfer Pathways.
T. E. Decoursey (2003)
Physiol Rev 83, 475-579
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Elucidation of the Indirect Pathway of Abscisic Acid Biosynthesis by Mutants, Genes, and Enzymes.
S. H. Schwartz, X. Qin, and J. A.D. Zeevaart (2003)
Plant Physiology 131, 1591-1601
   Full Text »    PDF »

To Advertise     Find Products

Science Signaling. ISSN 1937-9145 (online), 1945-0877 (print). Pre-2008: Science's STKE. ISSN 1525-8882