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S-Nitrosylation of Matrix Metalloproteinases: Signaling Pathway to Neuronal Cell Death
Zezong Gu,1Marcus Kaul,1Boxu Yan,2*Steven J. Kridel,2*Jiankun Cui,1Alex Strongin,2Jeffrey W. Smith,2Robert C. Liddington,2Stuart A. Lipton1
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are implicated in the
pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases and stroke. However, themechanism of MMP activation remains unclear. We report that MMPactivation involves S-nitrosylation. During cerebral ischemiain vivo,
MMP-9 colocalized with neuronal nitric oxide synthase.S-Nitrosylation
activated MMP-9 in vitro and induced neuronalapoptosis. Mass
spectrometry identified the active derivativeof MMP-9, both in vitro
and in vivo, as a stable sulfinic or sulfonicacid, whose formation was
triggered by S-nitrosylation. Thesefindings suggest a potential
extracellular proteolysis pathwayto neuronal cell death in which
S-nitrosylation activates MMPs,and further oxidation results in a
stable posttranslational modificationwith pathological activity.
1 Center for Neuroscience and Aging,
2 Program in Cell Adhesion and Extracellular Matrix
Biology, The Burnham Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La
Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
*
These authors contributed equally to this work.
To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
slipton{at}burnham.org
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