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Science 305 (5692): 1937-1941

Copyright © 2004 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science

PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR 1 Is a Critical bHLH Regulator of Chlorophyll Biosynthesis

Enamul Huq,1,2 Bassem Al-Sady,2 Matthew Hudson,2 Chanhong Kim,3 Klaus Apel,3 Peter H. Quail2*

Abstract: Photosynthetic organisms must achieve a delicate balance between the light energy absorbed by chlorophyll and their capacity to channel that energy into productive photochemical reactions. Release of excess absorbed energy in the cell can cause lethal photooxidative damage. We identified a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor, designated PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR 1 (PIF1), that negatively regulates chlorophyll biosynthesis. pif1 mutant seedlings accumulate excess free protochlorophyllide when grown in the dark, with consequent lethal bleaching upon exposure to light. PIF1 interacts specifically with the photoactivated conformer of phytochromes A and B, suggesting a signaling pathway by which chlorophyll biosynthetic rates are tightly controlled during the critical initial emergence of seedlings from subterranean darkness into sunlight.

1 Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology and Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
2 Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA and U.S. Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Plant Gene Expression Center, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
3 Institute of Plant Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Universitatstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: quail{at}nature.berkeley.edu

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