Note to users. If you're seeing this message, it means that your browser cannot find this page's style/presentation instructions -- or possibly that you are using a browser that does not support current Web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing, and what you can do to make your experience of our site the best it can be.
Differential Lysosomal Proteolysis in Antigen-Presenting Cells Determines Antigen Fate
Lélia Delamarre,
Margit Pack,
Henry Chang,
Ira Mellman,*
E. Sergio Trombetta*
Abstract:
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) internalize antigens and presentantigen-derived peptides to T cells. Although APCs have beenthought to exhibit a well-developed capacity for lysosomal proteolysis,here we found that they can exhibit two distinct strategiesupon antigen encounter. Whereas macrophages contained high levelsof lysosomal proteases and rapidly degraded internalized proteins,dendritic cells (DCs) and B lymphocytes were protease-poor,resulting in a limited capacity for lysosomal degradation. Consistentwith these findings, DCs in vivo degraded internalized antigensslowly and thus retained antigen in lymphoid organs for extendedperiods. Limited lysosomal proteolysis also favored antigenpresentation. These results help explain why DCs are able toefficiently accumulate, process, and disseminate antigens andmicrobes systemically for purposes of tolerance and immunity.
Department of Cell Biology and Department of Immunobiology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, Post Office Box 208002, New Haven, CT 06520–8002, USA.
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: sergio.trombetta{at}yale.edu (E.S.T); ira.mellman{at}yale.edu (I.M.)
The editors suggest the following Related Resources on Science sites:
Copresentation of Intact and Processed MHC Alloantigen by Recipient Dendritic Cells Enables Delivery of Linked Help to Alloreactive CD8 T Cells by Indirect-Pathway CD4 T Cells.
S. Sivaganesh, S. J. Harper, T. M. Conlon, C. J. Callaghan, K. Saeb-Parsy, M. C. Negus, R. Motallebzadeh, E. M. Bolton, J. A. Bradley, and G. J. Pettigrew (2013)
J. Immunol.
190, 5829-5838
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Expression of cathepsins S and D signals a distinctive biochemical trait in CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients.
S. Martino, S. Montesano, I. di Girolamo, R. Tiribuzi, M. Di Gregorio, A. Orlacchio, A. Datti, P. Calabresi, P. Sarchielli, and A. Orlacchio (2013)
Multiple Sclerosis Journal
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
The HLA-DRB1*15:01-Restricted Goodpasture's T Cell Epitope Induces GN.
J. D. Ooi, J. Chang, K. M. O'Sullivan, V. Pedchenko, B. G. Hudson, A. A. Vandenbark, L. Fugger, S. R. Holdsworth, and A. R. Kitching (2013)
J. Am. Soc. Nephrol.
24, 419-431
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Robust T-cell stimulation by Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B cells after antigen targeting to DEC-205.
C. S. Leung, M. A. Maurer, S. Meixlsperger, A. Lippmann, C. Cheong, J. Zuo, T. A. Haigh, G. S. Taylor, and C. Munz (2013)
Blood
121, 1584-1594
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
A catalytically inactive mutant of the deubiquitylase YOD-1 enhances antigen cross-presentation.
S. Sehrawat, P.-A. Koenig, O. Kirak, C. Schlieker, M. Fankhauser, and H. L. Ploegh (2013)
Blood
121, 1145-1156
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
TLR7 Triggering with Polyuridylic Acid Promotes Cross-Presentation in CD8{alpha}+ Conventional Dendritic Cells by Enhancing Antigen Preservation and MHC Class I Antigen Permanence on the Dendritic Cell Surface.
M. I. Crespo, E. R. Zacca, N. G. Nunez, R. P. Ranocchia, M. Maccioni, B. A. Maletto, M. C. Pistoresi-Palencia, and G. Moron (2013)
J. Immunol.
190, 948-960
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Macropinocytosis-Like HIV-1 Internalization in Macrophages Is CCR5 Dependent and Leads to Efficient but Delayed Degradation in Endosomal Compartments.
Clearing the Dead: Apoptotic Cell Sensing, Recognition, Engulfment, and Digestion.
A. Hochreiter-Hufford and K. S. Ravichandran (2013)
Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol
5, a008748
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Internalization and endosomal degradation of receptor-bound antigens regulate the efficiency of cross presentation by human dendritic cells.
B. Chatterjee, A. Smed-Sorensen, L. Cohn, C. Chalouni, R. Vandlen, B.-C. Lee, J. Widger, T. Keler, L. Delamarre, and I. Mellman (2012)
Blood
120, 2011-2020
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Autonomous phagosomal degradation and antigen presentation in dendritic cells.
E. Hoffmann, F. Kotsias, G. Visentin, P. Bruhns, A. Savina, and S. Amigorena (2012)
PNAS
109, 14556-14561
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
P. S. Lai, J. M. Fresco, M. A. Pinilla, A. A. Macias, R. D. Brown, J. A. Englert, O. Hofmann, J. A. Lederer, W. Hide, D. C. Christiani, et al. (2012) 47, 209-217
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Uptake of Particulate Antigens in a Nonmammalian Lung: Phenotypic and Functional Characterization of Avian Respiratory Phagocytes Using Bacterial or Viral Antigens.
E. D. de Geus, C. A. Jansen, and L. Vervelde (2012)
J. Immunol.
188, 4516-4526
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Pivotal Advance: Peritoneal cavity B-1 B cells have phagocytic and microbicidal capacities and present phagocytosed antigen to CD4+ T cells.
D. Parra, A. M. Rieger, J. Li, Y.-A. Zhang, L. M. Randall, C. A. Hunter, D. R. Barreda, and J. O. Sunyer (2012)
J. Leukoc. Biol.
91, 525-536
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Antigen stored in dendritic cells after macropinocytosis is released unprocessed from late endosomes to target B cells.
D. Le Roux, A. Le Bon, A. Dumas, K. Taleb, M. Sachse, R. Sikora, M. Julithe, A. Benmerah, G. Bismuth, and F. Niedergang (2012)
Blood
119, 95-105
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
CD8- Dendritic Cells and Macrophages Cross-Present Poly(D,L-lactate-co-glycolate) Acid Microsphere-Encapsulated Antigen In Vivo.
C. Schliehe, C. Redaelli, S. Engelhardt, M. Fehlings, M. Mueller, N. van Rooijen, M. Thiry, K. Hildner, H. Weller, and M. Groettrup (2011)
J. Immunol.
187, 2112-2121
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Functional Macroautophagy Induction by Influenza A Virus without a Contribution to Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II-Restricted Presentation.
J. D. Comber, T. M. Robinson, N. A. Siciliano, A. E. Snook, and L. C. Eisenlohr (2011)
J. Virol.
85, 6453-6463
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
The Neonatal FcR-Mediated Presentation of Immune-Complexed Antigen Is Associated with Endosomal and Phagosomal pH and Antigen Stability in Macrophages and Dendritic Cells.
X. Liu, L. Lu, Z. Yang, S. Palaniyandi, R. Zeng, L.-Y. Gao, D. M. Mosser, D. C. Roopenian, and X. Zhu (2011)
J. Immunol.
186, 4674-4686
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Nucleic acid recognition by Toll-like receptors is coupled to stepwise processing by cathepsins and asparagine endopeptidase.
S. E. Ewald, A. Engel, J. Lee, M. Wang, M. Bogyo, and G. M. Barton (2011)
J. Exp. Med.
208, 643-651
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
SIGN-R1+MHC II+ cells of the splenic marginal zone--a novel type of resident dendritic cells.
M. Lyszkiewicz, N. Zietara, M. Rohde, N. O. Gekara, J. Jablonska, K. E. Dittmar, and S. Weiss (2011)
J. Leukoc. Biol.
89, 607-615
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Cross-priming CD8+ T cells by targeting antigens to human dendritic cells through DCIR.
E. Klechevsky, A.-L. Flamar, Y. Cao, J.-P. Blanck, M. Liu, A. O'Bar, O. Agouna-Deciat, P. Klucar, L. Thompson-Snipes, S. Zurawski, et al. (2010)
Blood
116, 1685-1697
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Placental Leucine Aminopeptidase Efficiently Generates Mature Antigenic Peptides In Vitro but in Patterns Distinct from Endoplasmic Reticulum Aminopeptidase 1.
D. Georgiadou, A. Hearn, I. Evnouchidou, A. Chroni, L. Leondiadis, I. A. York, K. L. Rock, and E. Stratikos (2010)
J. Immunol.
185, 1584-1592
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Dendritic Cells Inhibit the Progression of Listeria monocytogenes Intracellular Infection by Retaining Bacteria in Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II-Rich Phagosomes and by Limiting Cytosolic Growth.
M. M. Westcott, C. J. Henry, J. E. Amis, and E. M. Hiltbold (2010)
Infect. Immun.
78, 2956-2965
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
NADPH oxidase activity controls phagosomal proteolysis in macrophages through modulation of the lumenal redox environment of phagosomes.
J. M. Rybicka, D. R. Balce, M. F. Khan, R. M. Krohn, and R. M. Yates (2010)
PNAS
107, 10496-10501
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
4-1BB Ligand as an Effective Multifunctional Immunomodulator and Antigen Delivery Vehicle for the Development of Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines.
R. K. Sharma, R. H. Schabowsky, A. K. Srivastava, K. G. Elpek, S. Madireddi, H. Zhao, Z. Zhong, R. W. Miller, K. J. MacLeod, E. S. Yolcu, et al. (2010)
Cancer Res.
70, 3945-3954
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Prolonged antigen survival and cytosolic export in cross-presenting human {gamma}{delta} T cells.
A Protease-Dependent Mechanism for Initiating T-Dependent B Cell Responses to Large Particulate Antigens.
D. M. Catron, K. A. Pape, B. T. Fife, N. van Rooijen, and M. K. Jenkins (2010)
J. Immunol.
184, 3609-3617
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Distinct Protease Requirements for Antigen Presentation In Vitro and In Vivo.
S. P. Matthews, I. Werber, J. Deussing, C. Peters, T. Reinheckel, and C. Watts (2010)
J. Immunol.
184, 2423-2431
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Activation state and intracellular trafficking contribute to the repertoire of endogenous glycosphingolipids presented by CD1d.
K. Muindi, M. Cernadas, G. F. M. Watts, L. Royle, D. C. A. Neville, R. A. Dwek, G. S. Besra, P. M. Rudd, T. D. Butters, and M. B. Brenner (2010)
PNAS
107, 3052-3057
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Vascular Dendritic Cells as Gatekeepers of Lipid Accumulation Within Nascent Atherosclerotic Plaques.
G. J. Randolph and S. Potteaux (2010)
Circ. Res.
106, 227-229
|Full Text »|PDF »
Early Recycling Compartment Trafficking of CD1a Is Essential for Its Intersection and Presentation of Lipid Antigens.
M. Cernadas, M. Cavallari, G. Watts, L. Mori, G. De Libero, and M. B. Brenner (2010)
J. Immunol.
184, 1235-1241
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Effective collaboration between marginal metallophilic macrophages and CD8+ dendritic cells in the generation of cytotoxic T cells.
R. Backer, T. Schwandt, M. Greuter, M. Oosting, F. Jungerkes, T. Tuting, L. Boon, T. O'Toole, G. Kraal, A. Limmer, et al. (2010)
PNAS
107, 216-221
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
When two is better than one: macrophages and neutrophils work in concert in innate immunity as complementary and cooperative partners of a myeloid phagocyte system.
Francisella tularensis Induces Ubiquitin-Dependent Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Degradation in Activated Macrophages.
J. E. Wilson, B. Katkere, and J. R. Drake (2009)
Infect. Immun.
77, 4953-4965
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Gag p24 Alters the Composition of Immunoproteasomes and Affects Antigen Presentation.
N. J. Steers, K. K. Peachman, S. R. McClain, C. R. Alving, and M. Rao (2009)
J. Virol.
83, 7049-7061
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Antigen storage compartments in mature dendritic cells facilitate prolonged cytotoxic T lymphocyte cross-priming capacity.
N. van Montfoort, M. G. Camps, S. Khan, D. V. Filippov, J. J. Weterings, J. M. Griffith, H. J. Geuze, T. van Hall, J. S. Verbeek, C. J. Melief, et al. (2009)
PNAS
106, 6730-6735
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Identification of antigen-presenting dendritic cells in mouse aorta and cardiac valves.
J.-H. Choi, Y. Do, C. Cheong, H. Koh, S. B. Boscardin, Y.-S. Oh, L. Bozzacco, C. Trumpfheller, C. G. Park, and R. M. Steinman (2009)
J. Exp. Med.
206, 497-505
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Receptor-mediated phagocytosis elicits cross-presentation in nonprofessional antigen-presenting cells.
A. C. Berger and P. A. Roche (2009)
J. Cell Sci.
122, 1-4
|Full Text »|PDF »
Proteasomal Processing of Albumin by Renal Dendritic Cells Generates Antigenic Peptides.
D. Macconi, C. Chiabrando, S. Schiarea, S. Aiello, L. Cassis, E. Gagliardini, M. Noris, S. Buelli, C. Zoja, D. Corna, et al. (2009)
J. Am. Soc. Nephrol.
20, 123-130
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Quantifying Cathepsin S Activity in Antigen Presenting Cells Using a Novel Specific Substrate.
Targeting the Neonatal Fc Receptor for Antigen Delivery Using Engineered Fc Fragments.
W. Mi, S. Wanjie, S.-T. Lo, Z. Gan, B. Pickl-Herk, R. J. Ober, and E. S. Ward (2008)
J. Immunol.
181, 7550-7561
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
NADPH oxidase controls phagosomal pH and antigen cross-presentation in human dendritic cells.
A. R. Mantegazza, A. Savina, M. Vermeulen, L. Perez, J. Geffner, O. Hermine, S. D. Rosenzweig, F. Faure, and S. Amigorena (2008)
Blood
112, 4712-4722
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Sulfhydryl-Based Tumor Antigen-Carrier Protein Conjugates Stimulate Superior Antitumor Immunity against B Cell Lymphomas.
D. J. Betting, K. Kafi, A. Abdollahi-Fard, S. A. Hurvitz, and J. M. Timmerman (2008)
J. Immunol.
181, 4131-4140
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Evasion of peptide, but not lipid antigen presentation, through pathogen-induced dendritic cell maturation.
D. L. Hava, N. van der Wel, N. Cohen, C. C. Dascher, D. Houben, L. Leon, S. Agarwal, M. Sugita, M. van Zon, S. C. Kent, et al. (2008)
PNAS
105, 11281-11286
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Auditing Protein Therapeutics Management by Professional APCs: Toward Prevention of Immune Responses against Therapeutic Proteins.
S. Dasgupta, J. Bayry, S. Andre, J. D. Dimitrov, S. V. Kaveri, and S. Lacroix-Desmazes (2008)
J. Immunol.
181, 1609-1615
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Spinophilin participates in information transfer at immunological synapses.
O. Bloom, J. J. Unternaehrer, A. Jiang, J.-S. Shin, L. Delamarre, P. Allen, and I. Mellman (2008)
J. Cell Biol.
181, 203-211
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
A Novel B Cell-Mediated Transport of IgE-Immune Complexes to the Follicle of the Spleen.
F. Hjelm, M. C. I. Karlsson, and B. Heyman (2008)
J. Immunol.
180, 6604-6610
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Selective suicide of cross-presenting CD8+ dendritic cells by cytochrome c injection shows functional heterogeneity within this subset.
M. L. Lin, Y. Zhan, A. I. Proietto, S. Prato, L. Wu, W. R. Heath, J. A. Villadangos, and A. M. Lew (2008)
PNAS
105, 3029-3034
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
In Vivo Depletion of CD11c+ Cells Impairs Scrapie Agent Neuroinvasion from the Intestine.
C. R. Raymond, P. Aucouturier, and N. A. Mabbott (2007)
J. Immunol.
179, 7758-7766
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Sustained antigen presentation can promote an immunogenic T cell response, like dendritic cell activation.
R. Obst, H.-M. van Santen, R. Melamed, A. O. Kamphorst, C. Benoist, and D. Mathis (2007)
PNAS
104, 15460-15465
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Antigen Transmission by Replicating Antigen-Bearing Dendritic Cells.
J. Diao, E. Winter, W. Chen, F. Xu, and M. S. Cattral (2007)
J. Immunol.
179, 2713-2721
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
The Localization and Activity of Sphingosine Kinase 1 Are Coordinately Regulated with Actin Cytoskeletal Dynamics in Macrophages.
D. J. Kusner, C. R. Thompson, N. A. Melrose, S. M. Pitson, L. M. Obeid, and S. S. Iyer (2007)
J. Biol. Chem.
282, 23147-23162
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Survival of Chlamydia muridarum within Dendritic Cells.
J. Rey-Ladino, X. Jiang, B. R. Gabel, C. Shen, and R. C. Brunham (2007)
Infect. Immun.
75, 3707-3714
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Inhibition of Phagosome Maturation by Mycobacteria Does Not Interfere with Presentation of Mycobacterial Antigens by MHC Molecules.
L. Majlessi, B. Combaluzier, I. Albrecht, J. E. Garcia, C. Nouze, J. Pieters, and C. Leclerc (2007)
J. Immunol.
179, 1825-1833
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Tubulation of Class II MHC Compartments Is Microtubule Dependent and Involves Multiple Endolysosomal Membrane Proteins in Primary Dendritic Cells.
J. M. Vyas, Y.-M. Kim, K. Artavanis-Tsakonas, J. C. Love, A. G. Van der Veen, and H. L. Ploegh (2007)
J. Immunol.
178, 7199-7210
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Breast cancer instructs dendritic cells to prime interleukin 13-secreting CD4+ T cells that facilitate tumor development.
C. Aspord, A. Pedroza-Gonzalez, M. Gallegos, S. Tindle, E. C. Burton, D. Su, F. Marches, J. Banchereau, and A. K. Palucka (2007)
J. Exp. Med.
204, 1037-1047
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Distinct Pathways of Antigen Uptake and Intracellular Routing in CD4 and CD8 T Cell Activation.
S. Burgdorf, A. Kautz, V. Bohnert, P. A. Knolle, and C. Kurts (2007)
Science
316, 612-616
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Endocytosis targets exogenous material selectively to cathepsin S in live human dendritic cells, while cell-penetrating peptides mediate nonselective transport to cysteine cathepsins.
M. Reich, P. F. van Swieten, V. Sommandas, M. Kraus, R. Fischer, E. Weber, H. Kalbacher, H. S. Overkleeft, and C. Driessen (2007)
J. Leukoc. Biol.
81, 990-1001
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Long-Term Deposition of Inhaled Antigen in Lung Resident CD11b-CD11c+ Cells.
K. E. Matthews, A. Karabeg, J. M. Roberts, S. Saeland, G. Dekan, M. M. Epstein, and F. Ronchese (2007) 36, 435-441
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Presentation of the Goodpasture Autoantigen Requires Proteolytic Unlocking Steps That Destroy Prominent T Cell Epitopes.
J. Zou, L. Henderson, V. Thomas, P. Swan, A. N. Turner, and Richard. G. Phelps (2007)
J. Am. Soc. Nephrol.
18, 771-779
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Differential Antigen Processing by Dendritic Cell Subsets in Vivo.
D. Dudziak, A. O. Kamphorst, G. F. Heidkamp, V. R. Buchholz, C. Trumpfheller, S. Yamazaki, C. Cheong, K. Liu, H.-W. Lee, C. G. Park, et al. (2007)
Science
315, 107-111
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Enhancing immunogenicity by limiting susceptibility to lysosomal proteolysis.
L. Delamarre, R. Couture, I. Mellman, and E. S. Trombetta (2006)
J. Exp. Med.
203, 2049-2055
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Differential regulation of phagosome maturation in macrophages and dendritic cells mediated by Rho GTPases and ezrin-radixin-moesin (ERM) proteins.
L.-P. Erwig, K. A. McPhilips, M. W. Wynes, A. Ivetic, A. J. Ridley, and P. M. Henson (2006)
PNAS
103, 12825-12830
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Chemokine receptor targeting efficiently directs antigens to MHC class I pathways and elicits antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell responses.
R. Schiavo, D. Baatar, P. Olkhanud, F. E. Indig, N. Restifo, D. Taub, and A. Biragyn (2006)
Blood
107, 4597-4605
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Malaria infection changes the ability of splenic dendritic cell populations to stimulate antigen-specific T cells.
A.-M. Sponaas, E. T. Cadman, C. Voisine, V. Harrison, A. Boonstra, A. O'Garra, and J. Langhorne (2006)
J. Exp. Med.
203, 1427-1433
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Immature monocytes acquire antigens from other cells in the bone marrow and present them to T cells after maturing in the periphery.
F. Tacke, F. Ginhoux, C. Jakubzick, N. van Rooijen, M. Merad, and G. J. Randolph (2006)
J. Exp. Med.
203, 583-597
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Neuron to glia signaling triggers myelin membrane exocytosis from endosomal storage sites.
K. Trajkovic, A. S. Dhaunchak, J. T. Goncalves, D. Wenzel, A. Schneider, G. Bunt, K.-A. Nave, and M. Simons (2006)
J. Cell Biol.
172, 937-948
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
High Susceptibility of Human Dendritic Cells to Invasion by the Intracellular Pathogens Brucella suis, B. abortus, and B. melitensis.
E. Billard, C. Cazevieille, J. Dornand, and A. Gross (2005)
Infect. Immun.
73, 8418-8424
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Latent Infection with Herpes Simplex Virus Is Associated with Ongoing CD8+ T-Cell Stimulation by Parenchymal Cells within Sensory Ganglia.
A. L. van Lint, L. Kleinert, S. R. M. Clarke, A. Stock, W. R. Heath, and F. R. Carbone (2005)
J. Virol.
79, 14843-14851
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Antigen Requirements for Efficient Priming of CD8+ T Cells by Leishmania major-Infected Dendritic Cells.
S. Bertholet, A. Debrabant, F. Afrin, E. Caler, S. Mendez, K. S. Tabbara, Y. Belkaid, and D. L. Sacks (2005)
Infect. Immun.
73, 6620-6628
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Chloroquine enhances human CD8+ T cell responses against soluble antigens in vivo.
D. Accapezzato, V. Visco, V. Francavilla, C. Molette, T. Donato, M. Paroli, M. U. Mondelli, M. Doria, M. R. Torrisi, and V. Barnaba (2005)
J. Exp. Med.
202, 817-828
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Autophagy promotes MHC class II presentation of peptides from intracellular source proteins.
J. Dengjel, O. Schoor, R. Fischer, M. Reich, M. Kraus, M. Muller, K. Kreymborg, F. Altenberend, J. Brandenburg, H. Kalbacher, et al. (2005)
PNAS
102, 7922-7927
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
