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Molecular and Cellular Basis of Cardiovascular Gender Differences
Michael E. Mendelsohn*, and
Richard H. Karas
Abstract:
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), the major cause of morbidityand mortality for both men and women, occur uncommonly in premenopausalwomen, but their incidence rises sharply after the menopausaltransition. Cardiovascular gender differences are apparent longbefore CVDs appear in men and women, and improved understandingof the biology underlying these differences has the potentialto advance the diagnosis and treatment of CVDs in both sexes.This review considers gender differences in the molecular andcellular physiology of the heart and blood vessels in healthand disease, highlighting understudied areas that can help resolvethe current controversy regarding hormone replacement therapyand improve cardiovascular health in women.
Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Department of Medicine, and Division of Cardiology, New England Medical Center Hospitals and Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts–New England Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, 750 Washington Street, Box 80, Boston, MA 02111, USA. E-mail: mmendelsohn{at}tufts-nemc.org
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Hormone Replacement Therapy and Atherosclerosis in Postmenopausal Women: Does Aging Limit Therapeutic Benefits?.
M. Barton, M. R. Meyer, and E. Haas (2007)
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol
27, 1669-1672
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Drospirenone increases endothelial nitric oxide synthesis via a combined action on progesterone and mineralocorticoid receptors.
T. Simoncini, X-D. Fu, A. Caruso, S. Garibaldi, C. Baldacci, M.S. Giretti, P. Mannella, M.I. Flamini, A.M. Sanchez, and A.R. Genazzani (2007)
Hum. Reprod.
22, 2325-2334
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
The impact of sex and sex hormones on lung physiology and disease: lessons from animal studies.
M. A. Carey, J. W. Card, J. W. Voltz, D. R. Germolec, K. S. Korach, and D. C. Zeldin (2007)
Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol
293, L272-L278
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Loss-of-Function Deletion of the Steroid Receptor Coactivator-1 Gene in Mice Reduces Estrogen Effect on the Vascular Injury Response.
Oestrogen affects the cardiovascular and central responses to isoproterenol of female rats.
E. G. Krause, K. S. Curtis, J. P. Markle, and R. J. Contreras (2007)
J. Physiol.
582, 435-447
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Direct Interactions with G{alpha}i and G{beta}{gamma} Mediate Nongenomic Signaling by Estrogen Receptor {alpha}.
P. Kumar, Q. Wu, K. L. Chambliss, I. S. Yuhanna, S. M. Mumby, C. Mineo, G. G. Tall, and P. W. Shaul (2007)
Mol. Endocrinol.
21, 1370-1380
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Estrogen Receptors {alpha} and {beta} Mediate Distinct Pathways of Vascular Gene Expression, Including Genes Involved in Mitochondrial Electron Transport and Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species.
R. O'Lone, K. Knorr, I. Z. Jaffe, M. E. Schaffer, P. G. V. Martini, R. H. Karas, J. Bienkowska, M. E. Mendelsohn, and U. Hansen (2007)
Mol. Endocrinol.
21, 1281-1296
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
