Note to users. If you're seeing this message, it means that your browser cannot find this page's style/presentation instructions -- or possibly that you are using a browser that does not support current Web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing, and what you can do to make your experience of our site the best it can be.
Genomic Insights into the Immune System of the Sea Urchin
Jonathan P. Rast,1*
L. Courtney Smith,2
Mariano Loza-Coll,1
Taku Hibino,1
Gary W. Litman3,4
Abstract:
Comparative analysis of the sea urchin genome has broad implicationsfor the primitive state of deuterostome host defense and thegenetic underpinnings of immunity in vertebrates. The sea urchinhas an unprecedented complexity of innate immune recognitionreceptors relative to other animal species yet characterized.These receptor genes include a vast repertoire of 222 Toll-likereceptors, a superfamily of more than 200 NACHT domain–leucine-richrepeat proteins (similar to nucleotide-binding and oligomerizationdomain (NOD) and NALP proteins of vertebrates), and a largefamily of scavenger receptor cysteine-rich proteins. More typicalnumbers of genes encode other immune recognition factors. Homologsof important immune and hematopoietic regulators, many of whichhave previously been identified only from chordates, as wellas genes that are critical in adaptive immunity of jawed vertebrates,also are present. The findings serve to underscore the dynamicutilization of receptors and the complexity of immune recognitionthat may be basal for deuterostomes and predicts features ofthe ancestral bilaterian form.
1 Sunnybrook Research Institute and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Room S-126B, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada. 2 Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, 2023 G Street, NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA. 3 Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida (USF) College of Medicine, USF/ACH (All Children's Hospital) Children's Research Institute, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA. 4 H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: jrast{at}sri.utoronto.ca
The editors suggest the following Related Resources on Science sites:
In Science Magazine
INTRODUCTION TO SPECIAL ISSUE
Barbara R. Jasny and Beverly A. Purnell (10 November 2006) Science314 (5801), 938.
[DOI: 10.1126/science.314.5801.938] |Summary »|PDF »
RESEARCH ARTICLES
Sea Urchin Genome Sequencing Consortium, Erica Sodergren, George M. Weinstock, Eric H Davidson, R. Andrew Cameron, Richard A. Gibbs, Robert C. Angerer, Lynne M. Angerer, Maria Ina Arnone, David R. Burgess, Robert D. Burke, James A. Coffman, Michael Dean, Maurice R. Elphick, Charles A. Ettensohn, Kathy R. Foltz, Amro Hamdoun, Richard O. Hynes, William H. Klein, William Marzluff, David R. McClay, Robert L. Morris, Arcady Mushegian, Jonathan P. Rast, L. Courtney Smith, Michael C. Thorndyke, Victor D. Vacquier, Gary M. Wessel, Greg Wray, Lan Zhang, Christine G. Elsik, Olga Ermolaeva, Wratko Hlavina, Gretchen Hofmann, Paul Kitts, Melissa J. Landrum, Aaron J. Mackey, Donna Maglott, Georgia Panopoulou, Albert J. Poustka, Kim Pruitt, Victor Sapojnikov, Xingzhi Song, Alexandre Souvorov, Victor Solovyev, Zheng Wei, Charles A. Whittaker, Kim Worley, K. James Durbin, Yufeng Shen, Olivier Fedrigo, David Garfield, Ralph Haygood, Alexander Primus, Rahul Satija, Tonya Severson, Manuel L. Gonzalez-Garay, Andrew R. Jackson, Aleksandar Milosavljevic, Mark Tong, Christopher E. Killian, Brian T. Livingston, Fred H. Wilt, Nikki Adams, Robert Bellé, Seth Carbonneau, Rocky Cheung, Patrick Cormier, Bertrand Cosson, Jenifer Croce, Antonio Fernandez-Guerra, Anne-Marie Genevière, Manisha Goel, Hemant Kelkar, Julia Morales, Odile Mulner-Lorillon, Anthony J. Robertson, Jared V. Goldstone, Bryan Cole, David Epel, Bert Gold, Mark E. Hahn, Meredith Howard-Ashby, Mark Scally, John J. Stegeman, Erin L. Allgood, Jonah Cool, Kyle M. Judkins, Shawn S. McCafferty, Ashlan M. Musante, Robert A. Obar, Amanda P. Rawson, Blair J. Rossetti, Ian R. Gibbons, Matthew P. Hoffman, Andrew Leone, Sorin Istrail, Stefan C. Materna, Manoj P. Samanta, Viktor Stolc, Waraporn Tongprasit, Qiang Tu, Karl-Frederik Bergeron, Bruce P. Brandhorst, James Whittle, Kevin Berney, David J. Bottjer, Cristina Calestani, Kevin Peterson, Elly Chow, Qiu Autumn Yuan, Eran Elhaik, Dan Graur, Justin T. Reese, Ian Bosdet, Shin Heesun, Marco A. Marra, Jacqueline Schein, Michele K. Anderson, Virginia Brockton, Katherine M. Buckley, Avis H. Cohen, Sebastian D. Fugmann, Taku Hibino, Mariano Loza-Coll, Audrey J. Majeske, Cynthia Messier, Sham V. Nair, Zeev Pancer, David P. Terwilliger, Cavit Agca, Enrique Arboleda, Nansheng Chen, Allison M. Churcher, F. Hallböök, Glen W. Humphrey, Mohammed M. Idris, Takae Kiyama, Shuguang Liang, Dan Mellott, Xiuqian Mu, Greg Murray, Robert P. Olinski, Florian Raible, Matthew Rowe, John S. Taylor, Kristin Tessmar-Raible, D. Wang, Karen H. Wilson, Shunsuke Yaguchi, Terry Gaasterland, Blanca E. Galindo, Herath J. Gunaratne, Celina Juliano, Masashi Kinukawa, Gary W. Moy, Anna T. Neill, Mamoru Nomura, Michael Raisch, Anna Reade, Michelle M. Roux, Jia L. Song, Yi-Hsien Su, Ian K. Townley, Ekaterina Voronina, Julian L. Wong, Gabriele Amore, Margherita Branno, Euan R. Brown, Vincenzo Cavalieri, Véronique Duboc, Louise Duloquin, Constantin Flytzanis, Christian Gache, François Lapraz, Thierry Lepage, Annamaria Locascio, Pedro Martinez, Giorgio Matassi, Valeria Matranga, Ryan Range, Francesca Rizzo, Eric Röttinger, Wendy Beane, Cynthia Bradham, Christine Byrum, Tom Glenn, Sofia Hussain, Gerard Manning, Esther Miranda, Rebecca Thomason, Katherine Walton, Athula Wikramanayke, Shu-Yu Wu, Ronghui Xu, C. Titus Brown, Lili Chen, Rachel F. Gray, Pei Yun Lee, Jongmin Nam, Paola Oliveri, Joel Smith, Donna Muzny, Stephanie Bell, Joseph Chacko, Andrew Cree, Stacey Curry, Clay Davis, Huyen Dinh, Shannon Dugan-Rocha, Jerry Fowler, Rachel Gill, Cerrissa Hamilton, Judith Hernandez, Sandra Hines, Jennifer Hume, LaRonda Jackson, Angela Jolivet, Christie Kovar, Sandra Lee, Lora Lewis, George Miner, Margaret Morgan, Lynne V. Nazareth, Geoffrey Okwuonu, David Parker, Ling-Ling Pu, Rachel Thorn, and Rita Wright (10 November 2006) Science314 (5801), 941.
[DOI: 10.1126/science.1133609] |Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »|Supporting Online Material »
REPORTS
Manoj P. Samanta, Waraporn Tongprasit, Sorin Istrail, R. Andrew Cameron, Qiang Tu, Eric H. Davidson, and Viktor Stolc (10 November 2006) Science314 (5801), 960.
[DOI: 10.1126/science.1131898] |Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »|Supporting Online Material »
THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
Hypotheses on the evolution of hyaluronan: A highly ironic acid.
The amphioxus genome provides unique insight into the evolution of immunity.
L. J. Dishaw, R. N. Haire, and G. W. Litman (2012)
Briefings in Functional Genomics
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Functional Characterization of a Ficolin-mediated Complement Pathway in Amphioxus.
H. Huang, S. Huang, Y. Yu, S. Yuan, R. Li, X. Wang, H. Zhao, Y. Yu, J. Li, M. Yang, et al. (2011)
J. Biol. Chem.
286, 36739-36748
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Defining the Origins of the NOD-Like Receptor System at the Base of Animal Evolution.
C. Lange, G. Hemmrich, U. C. Klostermeier, J. A. Lopez-Quintero, D. J. Miller, T. Rahn, Y. Weiss, T. C. G. Bosch, and P. Rosenstiel (2011)
Mol. Biol. Evol.
28, 1687-1702
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
The Evolution and Regulation of the Mucosal Immune Complexity in the Basal Chordate Amphioxus.
S. Huang, X. Wang, Q. Yan, L. Guo, S. Yuan, G. Huang, H. Huang, J. Li, M. Dong, S. Chen, et al. (2011)
J. Immunol.
186, 2042-2055
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Role for a somatically diversified lectin in resistance of an invertebrate to parasite infection.
P. C. Hanington, M. A. Forys, J. W. Dragoo, S.-M. Zhang, C. M. Adema, and E. S. Loker (2010)
PNAS
107, 21087-21092
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Caspase Recruitment Domain-containing Protein 8 (CARD8) Negatively Regulates NOD2-mediated Signaling.
O. von Kampen, S. Lipinski, A. Till, S. J. Martin, W. Nietfeld, H. Lehrach, S. Schreiber, and P. Rosenstiel (2010)
J. Biol. Chem.
285, 19921-19926
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Diversification of innate immune genes: lessons from the purple sea urchin.
Highly Variable Immune-Response Proteins (185/333) from the Sea Urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus: Proteomic Analysis Identifies Diversity within and between Individuals.
N. M. Dheilly, S. V. Nair, L. C. Smith, and D. A. Raftos (2009)
J. Immunol.
182, 2203-2212
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Differential Binding of Inorganic Particles to MARCO.
S. A. Thakur, R. Hamilton Jr, T. Pikkarainen, and A. Holian (2009)
Toxicol. Sci.
107, 238-246
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Sequence Variations in 185/333 Messages from the Purple Sea Urchin Suggest Posttranscriptional Modifications to Increase Immune Diversity.
K. M. Buckley, D. P. Terwilliger, and L. C. Smith (2008)
J. Immunol.
181, 8585-8594
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
The amphioxus genome illuminates vertebrate origins and cephalochordate biology.
L. Z. Holland, R. Albalat, K. Azumi, E. Benito-Gutierrez, M. J. Blow, M. Bronner-Fraser, F. Brunet, T. Butts, S. Candiani, L. J. Dishaw, et al. (2008)
Genome Res.
18, 1100-1111
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Genomic analysis of the immune gene repertoire of amphioxus reveals extraordinary innate complexity and diversity.
S. Huang, S. Yuan, L. Guo, Y. Yu, J. Li, T. Wu, T. Liu, M. Yang, K. Wu, H. Liu, et al. (2008)
Genome Res.
18, 1112-1126
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Genome Analysis of the Unicellular Green Alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Indicates an Ancient Evolutionary Origin for Key Pattern Recognition and Cell-Signaling Protein Families.
G. L. Wheeler, D. Miranda-Saavedra, and G. J. Barton (2008)
Genetics
179, 193-197
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
Invertebrate Immune Systems Specific, Quasi-Specific, or Nonspecific?.
Molecular and Biological Characterization of a Mannan-Binding Lectin from the Holothurian Apostichopus Japonicus.
A. A Bulgakov, M. G Eliseikina, I. Y. Petrova, E. L Nazarenko, S. N Kovalchuk, V. B Kozhemyako, and V. A Rasskazov (2007)
Glycobiology
17, 1284-1298
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
The Troll in Toll: Mal and Tram as bridges for TLR2 and TLR4 signaling.
Crystal Structure of the Cysteine-rich Domain of Scavenger Receptor MARCO Reveals the Presence of a Basic and an Acidic Cluster That Both Contribute to Ligand Recognition.
J. R. M. Ojala, T. Pikkarainen, A. Tuuttila, T. Sandalova, and K. Tryggvason (2007)
J. Biol. Chem.
282, 16654-16666
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
The Genome of the Sea Urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus.
Sea Urchin Genome Sequencing Consortium, E. Sodergren, G. M. Weinstock, E. H Davidson, R. A. Cameron, R. A. Gibbs, R. C. Angerer, L. M. Angerer, M. I. Arnone, D. R. Burgess, et al. (2006)
Science
314, 941-952
|Abstract »|Full Text »|PDF »
