Note to users. If you're seeing this message, it means that your browser cannot find this page's style/presentation instructions -- or possibly that you are using a browser that does not support current Web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing, and what you can do to make your experience of our site the best it can be.
Subscribe

Logo for

Science 315 (5815): 1098-1103

Copyright © 2007 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science

Nuclear Activity of MLA Immune Receptors Links Isolate-Specific and Basal Disease-Resistance Responses

Qian-Hua Shen,1 Yusuke Saijo,1 Stefan Mauch,1 Christoph Biskup,2 Stéphane Bieri,3 Beat Keller,3 Hikaru Seki,1* Bekir Ülker,1{dagger} Imre E. Somssich,1 Paul Schulze-Lefert1{ddagger}

Abstract: Plant immune responses are triggered by pattern recognition receptors that detect conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or by resistance (R) proteins recognizing isolate-specific pathogen effectors. We show that in barley, intracellular mildew A (MLA) R proteins function in the nucleus to confer resistance against the powdery mildew fungus. Recognition of the fungal avirulence A10 effector by MLA10 induces nuclear associations between receptor and WRKY transcription factors. The identified WRKY proteins act as repressors of PAMP-triggered basal defense. MLA appears to interfere with the WRKY repressor function, thereby de-repressing PAMP-triggered basal defense. Our findings reveal a mechanism by which these polymorphic immune receptors integrate distinct pathogen signals.

1 Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck-Institut für Züchtungsforschung, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, D-50829 Köln, Germany.
2 Institute of Physiology II, Friedrich-Schiller-University of Jena, Teichgraben 8, D-07740 Jena, Germany.
3 Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland.

* Present address: RIKEN Plant Science Center, 1-7-22 Suehirocho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan.

{dagger} Present address: School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Science Site, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.

{ddagger} To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: schlef{at}mpiz-koeln.mpg.de

THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
Recent Progress in Understanding PAMP- and Effector-Triggered Immunity against the Rice Blast Fungus Magnaporthe oryzae.
W. Liu, J. Liu, Y. Ning, B. Ding, X. Wang, Z. Wang, and G.-L. Wang (2013)
Mol Plant 6, 605-620
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
AtWRKY40 and AtWRKY63 Modulate the Expression of Stress-Responsive Nuclear Genes Encoding Mitochondrial and Chloroplast Proteins.
O. Van Aken, B. Zhang, S. Law, R. Narsai, and J. Whelan (2013)
Plant Physiology 162, 254-271
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Protein-Protein Interactions in the Regulation of WRKY Transcription Factors.
Y. Chi, Y. Yang, Y. Zhou, J. Zhou, B. Fan, J.-Q. Yu, and Z. Chen (2013)
Mol Plant
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Barley MLA Immune Receptors Directly Interfere with Antagonistically Acting Transcription Factors to Initiate Disease Resistance Signaling.
C. Chang, D. Yu, J. Jiao, S. Jing, P. Schulze-Lefert, and Q.-H. Shen (2013)
PLANT CELL 25, 1158-1173
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Arabidopsis Phytochrome B Promotes SPA1 Nuclear Accumulation to Repress Photomorphogenesis under Far-Red Light.
X. Zheng, S. Wu, H. Zhai, P. Zhou, M. Song, L. Su, Y. Xi, Z. Li, Y. Cai, F. Meng, et al. (2013)
PLANT CELL 25, 115-133
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
AtWRKY15 perturbation abolishes the mitochondrial stress response that steers osmotic stress tolerance in Arabidopsis.
S. Vanderauwera, K. Vandenbroucke, A. Inze, B. van de Cotte, P. Muhlenbock, R. De Rycke, N. Naouar, T. Van Gaever, M. C. E. Van Montagu, and F. Van Breusegem (2012)
PNAS 109, 20113-20118
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Conservation of NLR-triggered immunity across plant lineages.
T. Maekawa, B. Kracher, S. Vernaldi, E. Ver Loren van Themaat, and P. Schulze-Lefert (2012)
PNAS 109, 20119-20123
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Relocalization of Late Blight Resistance Protein R3a to Endosomal Compartments Is Associated with Effector Recognition and Required for the Immune Response.
S. Engelhardt, P. C. Boevink, M. R. Armstrong, M. B. Ramos, I. Hein, and P. R. J. Birch (2012)
PLANT CELL 24, 5142-5158
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Linking ligand perception by PEPR pattern recognition receptors to cytosolic Ca2+ elevation and downstream immune signaling in plants.
Y. Ma, R. K. Walker, Y. Zhao, and G. A. Berkowitz (2012)
PNAS 109, 19852-19857
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cooperation of three WRKY-domain transcription factors WRKY18, WRKY40, and WRKY60 in repressing two ABA-responsive genes ABI4 and ABI5 in Arabidopsis.
Z.-Q. Liu, L. Yan, Z. Wu, C. Mei, K. Lu, Y.-T. Yu, S. Liang, X.-F. Zhang, X.-F. Wang, and D.-P. Zhang (2012)
J. Exp. Bot. 63, 6371-6392
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Ubiquitin Ligase PUB22 Targets a Subunit of the Exocyst Complex Required for PAMP-Triggered Responses in Arabidopsis.
M. Stegmann, R. G. Anderson, K. Ichimura, T. Pecenkova, P. Reuter, V. Zarsky, J. M. McDowell, K. Shirasu, and M. Trujillo (2012)
PLANT CELL 24, 4703-4716
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The rice ERF transcription factor OsERF922 negatively regulates resistance to Magnaporthe oryzae and salt tolerance.
D. Liu, X. Chen, J. Liu, J. Ye, and Z. Guo (2012)
J. Exp. Bot. 63, 3899-3911
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Protein-protein interactions as a proxy to monitor conformational changes and activation states of the tomato resistance protein I-2.
E. Lukasik-Shreepaathy, J. H. Vossen, W. I. L. Tameling, M. J. de Vroomen, B. J. C. Cornelissen, and F. L. W. Takken (2012)
J. Exp. Bot. 63, 3047-3060
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Evolution of a Complex Disease Resistance Gene Cluster in Diploid Phaseolus and Tetraploid Glycine.
T. Ashfield, A. N. Egan, B. E. Pfeil, N. W. G. Chen, R. Podicheti, M. B. Ratnaparkhe, C. Ameline-Torregrosa, R. Denny, S. Cannon, J. J. Doyle, et al. (2012)
Plant Physiology 159, 336-354
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Requirement of the Cytosolic Interaction between PATHOGENESIS-RELATED PROTEIN10 and LEUCINE-RICH REPEAT PROTEIN1 for Cell Death and Defense Signaling in Pepper.
D. S. Choi, I. S. Hwang, and B. K. Hwang (2012)
PLANT CELL 24, 1675-1690
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Structure-Function Analysis of the Coiled-Coil and Leucine-Rich Repeat Domains of the RPS5 Disease Resistance Protein.
D. Qi, B. J. DeYoung, and R. W. Innes (2012)
Plant Physiology 158, 1819-1832
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Abscisic Acid Deficiency Antagonizes High-Temperature Inhibition of Disease Resistance through Enhancing Nuclear Accumulation of Resistance Proteins SNC1 and RPS4 in Arabidopsis.
H.-G. Mang, W. Qian, Y. Zhu, J. Qian, H.-G. Kang, D. F. Klessig, and J. Hua (2012)
PLANT CELL 24, 1271-1284
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Nuclear-Localized and Deregulated Calcium- and Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Activates Rhizobial and Mycorrhizal Responses in Lotus japonicus.
N. Takeda, T. Maekawa, and M. Hayashi (2012)
PLANT CELL 24, 810-822
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Nuclear Dynamics during Plant Innate Immunity.
S. Rivas (2012)
Plant Physiology 158, 87-94
   Full Text »    PDF »
Separable Fragments and Membrane Tethering of Arabidopsis RIN4 Regulate Its Suppression of PAMP-Triggered Immunity.
A. J. Afzal, L. da Cunha, and D. Mackey (2011)
PLANT CELL 23, 3798-3811
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Flavonols Accumulate Asymmetrically and Affect Auxin Transport in Arabidopsis.
B. M. Kuhn, M. Geisler, L. Bigler, and C. Ringli (2011)
Plant Physiology 156, 585-595
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Plant intracellular innate immune receptor Resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola 1 (RPM1) is activated at, and functions on, the plasma membrane.
Z. Gao, E.-H. Chung, T. K. Eitas, and J. L. Dangl (2011)
PNAS 108, 7619-7624
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Phosphorylation of the Nicotiana benthamiana WRKY8 Transcription Factor by MAPK Functions in the Defense Response.
N. Ishihama, R. Yamada, M. Yoshioka, S. Katou, and H. Yoshioka (2011)
PLANT CELL 23, 1153-1170
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Proteomics and Functional Analyses of Pepper Abscisic Acid-Responsive 1 (ABR1), Which Is Involved in Cell Death and Defense Signaling.
D. S. Choi and B. K. Hwang (2011)
PLANT CELL 23, 823-842
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Two Host Cytoplasmic Effectors Are Required for Pathogenesis of Phytophthora sojae by Suppression of Host Defenses.
T. Liu, W. Ye, Y. Ru, X. Yang, B. Gu, K. Tao, S. Lu, S. Dong, X. Zheng, W. Shan, et al. (2011)
Plant Physiology 155, 490-501
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
RanGAP2 Mediates Nucleocytoplasmic Partitioning of the NB-LRR Immune Receptor Rx in the Solanaceae, Thereby Dictating Rx Function.
W. I. L. Tameling, C. Nooijen, N. Ludwig, M. Boter, E. Slootweg, A. Goverse, K. Shirasu, and M. H. A. J. Joosten (2010)
PLANT CELL 22, 4176-4194
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Nucleocytoplasmic Distribution Is Required for Activation of Resistance by the Potato NB-LRR Receptor Rx1 and Is Balanced by Its Functional Domains.
E. Slootweg, J. Roosien, L. N. Spiridon, A.-J. Petrescu, W. Tameling, M. Joosten, R. Pomp, C. van Schaik, R. Dees, J. W. Borst, et al. (2010)
PLANT CELL 22, 4195-4215
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern-Triggered Immunity: Veni, Vidi...?.
C. Zipfel and S. Robatzek (2010)
Plant Physiology 154, 551-554
   Full Text »    PDF »
Arabidopsis snc2-1D Activates Receptor-Like Protein-Mediated Immunity Transduced through WRKY70.
Y. Zhang, Y. Yang, B. Fang, P. Gannon, P. Ding, X. Li, and Y. Zhang (2010)
PLANT CELL 22, 3153-3163
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
HIGS: Host-Induced Gene Silencing in the Obligate Biotrophic Fungal Pathogen Blumeria graminis.
D. Nowara, A. Gay, C. Lacomme, J. Shaw, C. Ridout, D. Douchkov, G. Hensel, J. Kumlehn, and P. Schweizer (2010)
PLANT CELL 22, 3130-3141
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Arabidopsis resistance protein SNC1 activates immune responses through association with a transcriptional corepressor.
Z. Zhu, F. Xu, Y. Zhang, Y. T. Cheng, M. Wiermer, X. Li, and Y. Zhang (2010)
PNAS 107, 13960-13965
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Activation of an Arabidopsis Resistance Protein Is Specified by the in Planta Association of Its Leucine-Rich Repeat Domain with the Cognate Oomycete Effector.
K. V. Krasileva, D. Dahlbeck, and B. J. Staskawicz (2010)
PLANT CELL 22, 2444-2458
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Analysis of the Rac/Rop Small GTPase Family in Rice: Expression, Subcellular Localization and Role in Disease Resistance.
L. Chen, K. Shiotani, T. Togashi, D. Miki, M. Aoyama, H. L. Wong, T. Kawasaki, and K. Shimamoto (2010)
Plant Cell Physiol. 51, 585-595
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Nonhost Resistance of Barley to Different Fungal Pathogens Is Associated with Largely Distinct, Quantitative Transcriptional Responses.
N. Zellerhoff, A. Himmelbach, W. Dong, S. Bieri, U. Schaffrath, and P. Schweizer (2010)
Plant Physiology 152, 2053-2066
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Promoters of the Barley Germin-Like GER4 Gene Cluster Enable Strong Transgene Expression in Response to Pathogen Attack.
A. Himmelbach, L. Liu, U. Zierold, L. Altschmied, H. Maucher, F. Beier, D. Muller, G. Hensel, A. Heise, A. Schutzendubel, et al. (2010)
PLANT CELL 22, 937-952
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Endosome-Associated CRT1 Functions Early in Resistance Gene-Mediated Defense Signaling in Arabidopsis and Tobacco.
H. G. Kang, C. S. Oh, M. Sato, F. Katagiri, J. Glazebrook, H. Takahashi, P. Kachroo, G. B. Martin, and D. F. Klessig (2010)
PLANT CELL 22, 918-936
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Combined Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation and Forster Resonance Energy Transfer Reveals Ternary SNARE Complex Formation in Living Plant Cells.
M. Kwaaitaal, N. F. Keinath, S. Pajonk, C. Biskup, and R. Panstruga (2010)
Plant Physiology 152, 1135-1147
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Uncoupling of sustained MAMP receptor signaling from early outputs in an Arabidopsis endoplasmic reticulum glucosidase II allele.
X. Lu, N. Tintor, T. Mentzel, E. Kombrink, T. Boller, S. Robatzek, P. Schulze-Lefert, and Y. Saijo (2009)
PNAS 106, 22522-22527
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Virus-Induced Gene Silencing in the Culinary Ginger (Zingiber officinale): An Effective Mechanism for Down-Regulating Gene Expression in Tropical Monocots.
T. Renner, J. Bragg, H. E. Driscoll, J. Cho, A. O. Jackson, and C. D. Specht (2009)
Mol Plant 2, 1084-1094
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Specific Targeting of the Arabidopsis Resistance Protein RPW8.2 to the Interfacial Membrane Encasing the Fungal Haustorium Renders Broad-Spectrum Resistance to Powdery Mildew.
W. Wang, Y. Wen, R. Berkey, and S. Xiao (2009)
PLANT CELL 21, 2898-2913
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Proteolysis of a Negative Regulator of Innate Immunity Is Dependent on Resistance Genes in Tomato and Nicotiana benthamiana and Induced by Multiple Bacterial Effectors.
Y. Luo, K. S. Caldwell, T. Wroblewski, M. E. Wright, and R. W. Michelmore (2009)
PLANT CELL 21, 2458-2472
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Nuclear Pore Complex Component MOS7/Nup88 Is Required for Innate Immunity and Nuclear Accumulation of Defense Regulators in Arabidopsis.
Y. T. Cheng, H. Germain, M. Wiermer, D. Bi, F. Xu, A. V. Garcia, L. Wirthmueller, C. Despres, J. E. Parker, Y. Zhang, et al. (2009)
PLANT CELL 21, 2503-2516
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Role of WRKY Transcription Factors in Plant Immunity.
S. P. Pandey and I. E. Somssich (2009)
Plant Physiology 150, 1648-1655
   Full Text »    PDF »
Evidence for a positive regulatory role of strawberry (Fragariaxananassa) Fa WRKY1 and Arabidopsis At WRKY75 proteins in resistance.
S. Encinas-Villarejo, A. M. Maldonado, F. Amil-Ruiz, B. de los Santos, F. Romero, F. Pliego-Alfaro, J. Munoz-Blanco, and J. L. Caballero (2009)
J. Exp. Bot. 60, 3043-3065
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Arabidopsis Actin-Depolymerizing Factor AtADF4 Mediates Defense Signal Transduction Triggered by the Pseudomonas syringae Effector AvrPphB.
M. Tian, F. Chaudhry, D. R. Ruzicka, R. B. Meagher, C. J. Staiger, and B. Day (2009)
Plant Physiology 150, 815-824
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Arabidopsis Extra Large G-Protein 2 (XLG2) Interacts with the G{beta} Subunit of Heterotrimeric G Protein and Functions in Disease Resistance.
H. Zhu, G.-J. Li, L. Ding, X. Cui, H. Berg, S. M. Assmann, and Y. Xia (2009)
Mol Plant 2, 513-525
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Temporal Global Expression Data Reveal Known and Novel Salicylate-Impacted Processes and Regulators Mediating Powdery Mildew Growth and Reproduction on Arabidopsis.
D. Chandran, Y. C. Tai, G. Hather, J. Dewdney, C. Denoux, D. G. Burgess, F. M. Ausubel, T. P. Speed, and M. C. Wildermuth (2009)
Plant Physiology 149, 1435-1451
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Bean Plants Infected by a Virulent and Avirulent Obligate Rust Fungus.
J. Lee, J. Feng, K. B. Campbell, B. E. Scheffler, W. M. Garrett, S. Thibivilliers, G. Stacey, D. Q. Naiman, M. L. Tucker, M. A. Pastor-Corrales, et al. (2009)
Mol. Cell. Proteomics 8, 19-31
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Blufensin1 Negatively Impacts Basal Defense in Response to Barley Powdery Mildew.
Y. Meng, M. J. Moscou, and R. P. Wise (2009)
Plant Physiology 149, 271-285
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
XA27 Depends on an Amino-Terminal Signal-Anchor-Like Sequence to Localize to the Apoplast for Resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae.
L. Wu, M. L. Goh, C. Sreekala, and Z. Yin (2008)
Plant Physiology 148, 1497-1509
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The AtrbohD-Mediated Oxidative Burst Elicited by Oligogalacturonides in Arabidopsis Is Dispensable for the Activation of Defense Responses Effective against Botrytis cinerea.
R. Galletti, C. Denoux, S. Gambetta, J. Dewdney, F. M. Ausubel, G. De Lorenzo, and S. Ferrari (2008)
Plant Physiology 148, 1695-1706
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A transient assay system for the assessment of cell-autonomous gene function in dehydration-stressed barley.
S. Marzin, R. Mihaly, J. Pauk, and P. Schweizer (2008)
J. Exp. Bot. 59, 3359-3369
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Arabidopsis WRKY38 and WRKY62 Transcription Factors Interact with Histone Deacetylase 19 in Basal Defense.
K.-C. Kim, Z. Lai, B. Fan, and Z. Chen (2008)
PLANT CELL 20, 2357-2371
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
RD19, an Arabidopsis Cysteine Protease Required for RRS1-R-Mediated Resistance, Is Relocalized to the Nucleus by the Ralstonia solanacearum PopP2 Effector.
M. Bernoux, T. Timmers, A. Jauneau, C. Briere, P. J.G.M. de Wit, Y. Marco, and L. Deslandes (2008)
PLANT CELL 20, 2252-2264
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
RACK1 Functions in Rice Innate Immunity by Interacting with the Rac1 Immune Complex.
A. Nakashima, L. Chen, N. P. Thao, M. Fujiwara, H. L. Wong, M. Kuwano, K. Umemura, K. Shirasu, T. Kawasaki, and K. Shimamoto (2008)
PLANT CELL 20, 2265-2279
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Stress- and Pathogen-Induced Arabidopsis WRKY48 is a Transcriptional Activator that Represses Plant Basal Defense.
D. H. Xing, Z. B. Lai, Z. Y. Zheng, K. M. Vinod, B. F. Fan, and Z. X. Chen (2008)
Mol Plant
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Nuclear Trafficking During Plant Innate Immunity.
J. Liu and G. Coaker (2008)
Mol Plant 1, 411-422
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
OsWRKY62 is a Negative Regulator of Basal and Xa21-Mediated Defense against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae in Rice.
Y. Peng, L. E. Bartley, X. Chen, C. Dardick, M. Chern, R. Ruan, P. E. Canlas, and P. C. Ronald (2008)
Mol Plant 1, 446-458
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A MYB Transcription Factor Regulates Very-Long-Chain Fatty Acid Biosynthesis for Activation of the Hypersensitive Cell Death Response in Arabidopsis.
S. Raffaele, F. Vailleau, A. Leger, J. Joubes, O. Miersch, C. Huard, E. Blee, S. Mongrand, F. Domergue, and D. Roby (2008)
PLANT CELL 20, 752-767
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Coiled-Coil and Nucleotide Binding Domains of the Potato Rx Disease Resistance Protein Function in Pathogen Recognition and Signaling.
G. J. Rairdan, S. M. Collier, M. A. Sacco, T. T. Baldwin, T. Boettrich, and P. Moffett (2008)
PLANT CELL 20, 739-751
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Firefly Luciferase Complementation Imaging Assay for Protein-Protein Interactions in Plants.
H. Chen, Y. Zou, Y. Shang, H. Lin, Y. Wang, R. Cai, X. Tang, and J.-M. Zhou (2008)
Plant Physiology 146, 368-376
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Activation of the Indole-3-Acetic Acid-Amido Synthetase GH3-8 Suppresses Expansin Expression and Promotes Salicylate- and Jasmonate-Independent Basal Immunity in Rice.
X. Ding, Y. Cao, L. Huang, J. Zhao, C. Xu, X. Li, and S. Wang (2008)
PLANT CELL 20, 228-240
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Alternative Splicing and mRNA Levels of the Disease Resistance Gene RPS4 Are Induced during Defense Responses.
X.-C. Zhang and W. Gassmann (2007)
Plant Physiology 145, 1577-1587
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Functions of Plant TIR Domains.
T. M. Burch-Smith and S. P. Dinesh-Kumar (2007)
Sci. STKE 2007, pe46
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Immune-like Phagocyte Activity in the Social Amoeba.
G. Chen, O. Zhuchenko, and A. Kuspa (2007)
Science 317, 678-681
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Physical Association of the NB-LRR Resistance Protein Rx with a Ran GTPase-Activating Protein Is Required for Extreme Resistance to Potato virus X.
W. I.L. Tameling and D. C. Baulcombe (2007)
PLANT CELL 19, 1682-1694
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
PLANT SCIENCE: Nibbling at the Plant Cell Nucleus.
J. L. Dangl (2007)
Science 315, 1088-1089
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »

To Advertise     Find Products

Science Signaling. ISSN 1937-9145 (online), 1945-0877 (print). Pre-2008: Science's STKE. ISSN 1525-8882