Note to users. If you're seeing this message, it means that your browser cannot find this page's style/presentation instructions -- or possibly that you are using a browser that does not support current Web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing, and what you can do to make your experience of our site the best it can be.
Subscribe

Logo for

Science 319 (5860): 210-213

Copyright © 2008 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science

Membrane Phosphatidylserine Regulates Surface Charge and Protein Localization

Tony Yeung,1 Gary E. Gilbert,2 Jialan Shi,2 John Silvius,3 Andras Kapus,4 Sergio Grinstein1*

Abstract: Electrostatic interactions with negatively charged membranes contribute to the subcellular targeting of proteins with polybasic clusters or cationic domains. Although the anionic phospholipid phosphatidylserine is comparatively abundant, its contribution to the surface charge of individual cellular membranes is unknown, partly because of the lack of reagents to analyze its distribution in intact cells. We developed a biosensor to study the subcellular distribution of phosphatidylserine and found that it binds the cytosolic leaflets of the plasma membrane, as well as endosomes and lysosomes. The negative charge associated with the presence of phosphatidylserine directed proteins with moderately positive charge to the endocytic pathway. More strongly cationic proteins, normally associated with the plasma membrane, relocalized to endocytic compartments when the plasma membrane surface charge decreased on calcium influx.

1 Division of Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto M5G 1X8, Canada.
2 Department of Medicine, Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Boston Healthcare System, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
3 Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal H3G 1Y6, Canada.
4 Keenan Research Center in the Li Ka Sheng Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital and Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto M5B 1W8, Canada.

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: sga{at}sickkids.ca

THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
Basic Residues in the Matrix Domain and Multimerization Target Murine Leukemia Virus Gag to the Virological Synapse.
F. Li, J. Jin, C. Herrmann, and W. Mothes (2013)
J. Virol. 87, 7113-7126
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Mutation of SIMPLE in Charcot-Marie-Tooth 1C alters production of exosomes.
H. Zhu, S. Guariglia, R. Y. L. Yu, W. Li, D. Brancho, H. Peinado, D. Lyden, J. Salzer, C. Bennett, and C.-W. Chow (2013)
Mol. Biol. Cell 24, 1619-1637
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Inactivation of Caenorhabditis elegans aminopeptidase DNPP-1 restores endocytic sorting and recycling in tat-1 mutants.
X. Li, B. Chen, S. Yoshina, T. Cai, F. Yang, S. Mitani, and X. Wang (2013)
Mol. Biol. Cell 24, 1163-1175
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Phospholipid Scramblase-1-Induced Lipid Reorganization Regulates Compensatory Endocytosis in Neuroendocrine Cells.
S. Ory, M. Ceridono, F. Momboisse, S. Houy, S. Chasserot-Golaz, D. Heintz, V. Calco, A.-M. Haeberle, F. A. Espinoza, P. J. Sims, et al. (2013)
J. Neurosci. 33, 3545-3556
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Role of Phospholipids in Endocytosis, Phagocytosis, and Macropinocytosis.
M. Bohdanowicz and S. Grinstein (2013)
Physiol Rev 93, 69-106
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Staurosporines Disrupt Phosphatidylserine Trafficking and Mislocalize Ras Proteins.
K.-j. Cho, J.-H. Park, A. M. Piggott, A. A. Salim, A. A. Gorfe, R. G. Parton, R. J. Capon, E. Lacey, and J. F. Hancock (2012)
J. Biol. Chem. 287, 43573-43584
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Local changes in lipid environment of TCR microclusters regulate membrane binding by the CD3{varepsilon} cytoplasmic domain.
E. Gagnon, D. A. Schubert, S. Gordo, H. H. Chu, and K. W. Wucherpfennig (2012)
J. Exp. Med. 209, 2423-2439
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The functions of anionic phospholipids during clathrin-mediated endocytosis site initiation and vesicle formation.
Y. Sun and D. G. Drubin (2012)
J. Cell Sci. 125, 6157-6165
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
TIM Family Proteins Promote the Lysosomal Degradation of the Nuclear Receptor NUR77.
S. Balasubramanian, S. K. Kota, V. K. Kuchroo, B. D. Humphreys, and T. B. Strom (2012)
Science Signaling 5, ra90
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P2) Specifically Induces Membrane Penetration and Deformation by Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR) Domains.
Y. Yoon, X. Zhang, and W. Cho (2012)
J. Biol. Chem. 287, 34078-34090
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Fitting KV potassium channels into the PIP2 puzzle: Hille group connects dots between illustrious HH groups.
D. W. Hilgemann (2012)
J. Gen. Physiol. 140, 245-248
   Full Text »    PDF »
PI4P and PI(4,5)P2 Are Essential But Independent Lipid Determinants of Membrane Identity.
G. R. V. Hammond, M. J. Fischer, K. E. Anderson, J. Holdich, A. Koteci, T. Balla, and R. F. Irvine (2012)
Science 337, 727-730
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Production and characterization of a colon cancer-specific immunotoxin based on the fungal ribotoxin {alpha}-sarcin.
N. Carreras-Sangra, J. Tome-Amat, L. Garcia-Ortega, C. A. Batt, M. Onaderra, A. Martinez-del-Pozo, J. G. Gavilanes, and J. Lacadena (2012)
Protein Eng. Des. Sel. 25, 425-435
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Phosphatidylserine dynamics in cellular membranes.
J. G. Kay, M. Koivusalo, X. Ma, T. Wohland, and S. Grinstein (2012)
Mol. Biol. Cell 23, 2198-2212
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs Alter the Spatiotemporal Organization of Ras Proteins on the Plasma Membrane.
Y. Zhou, K.-J. Cho, S. J. Plowman, and J. F. Hancock (2012)
J. Biol. Chem. 287, 16586-16595
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Myosin-1A Targets to Microvilli Using Multiple Membrane Binding Motifs in the Tail Homology 1 (TH1) Domain.
J. N. Mazerik and M. J. Tyska (2012)
J. Biol. Chem. 287, 13104-13115
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Structural Requirements of Membrane Phospholipids for M-type Potassium Channel Activation and Binding.
V. Telezhkin, J. M. Reilly, A. M. Thomas, A. Tinker, and D. A. Brown (2012)
J. Biol. Chem. 287, 10001-10012
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
C-terminal Di-arginine Motif of Cdc42 Protein Is Essential for Binding to Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Bisphosphate-containing Membranes and Inducing Cellular Transformation.
J. L. Johnson, J. W. Erickson, and R. A. Cerione (2012)
J. Biol. Chem. 287, 5764-5774
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Enzymatic measurement of phosphatidylserine in cultured cells.
S.-y. Morita, S. Shirakawa, Y. Kobayashi, K. Nakamura, R. Teraoka, S. Kitagawa, and T. Terada (2012)
J. Lipid Res. 53, 325-330
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Off the beaten paths: alternative and crosstalk regulation of Rho GTPases.
E. Boulter, S. Estrach, R. Garcia-Mata, and C. C. Feral (2012)
FASEB J 26, 469-479
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Sucrose Efflux Mediated by SWEET Proteins as a Key Step for Phloem Transport.
L.-Q. Chen, X.-Q. Qu, B.-H. Hou, D. Sosso, S. Osorio, A. R. Fernie, and W. B. Frommer (2012)
Science 335, 207-211
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Osh4p exchanges sterols for phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate between lipid bilayers.
M. de Saint-Jean, V. Delfosse, D. Douguet, G. Chicanne, B. Payrastre, W. Bourguet, B. Antonny, and G. Drin (2011)
J. Cell Biol. 195, 965-978
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Phosphatidylserine Binding Is Essential for Plasma Membrane Recruitment and Signaling Function of 3-Phosphoinositide-dependent Kinase-1.
N. Lucas and W. Cho (2011)
J. Biol. Chem. 286, 41265-41272
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Mechanical Regulation of Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3{beta} (GSK3{beta}) in Mesenchymal Stem Cells Is Dependent on Akt Protein Serine 473 Phosphorylation via mTORC2 Protein.
N. Case, J. Thomas, B. Sen, M. Styner, Z. Xie, K. Galior, and J. Rubin (2011)
J. Biol. Chem. 286, 39450-39456
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Rous Sarcoma Virus Gag Has No Specific Requirement for Phosphatidylinositol-(4,5)-Bisphosphate for Plasma Membrane Association In Vivo or for Liposome Interaction In Vitro.
J. Chan, R. A. Dick, and V. M. Vogt (2011)
J. Virol. 85, 10851-10860
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Squalamine as a broad-spectrum systemic antiviral agent with therapeutic potential.
M. Zasloff, A. P. Adams, B. Beckerman, A. Campbell, Z. Han, E. Luijten, I. Meza, J. Julander, A. Mishra, W. Qu, et al. (2011)
PNAS 108, 15978-15983
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Intracellular phosphatidylserine is essential for retrograde membrane traffic through endosomes.
Y. Uchida, J. Hasegawa, D. Chinnapen, T. Inoue, S. Okazaki, R. Kato, S. Wakatsuki, R. Misaki, M. Koike, Y. Uchiyama, et al. (2011)
PNAS 108, 15846-15851
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
From Water and Ions to Crowded Biomacromolecules: In Vivo Structuring of a Prokaryotic Cell.
J. Spitzer (2011)
Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 75, 491-506
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Defective photoreceptor phagocytosis in a mouse model of enhanced S-cone syndrome causes progressive retinal degeneration.
D. Mustafi, B. M. Kevany, C. Genoud, K. Okano, A. V. Cideciyan, A. Sumaroka, A. J. Roman, S. G. Jacobson, A. Engel, M. D. Adams, et al. (2011)
FASEB J 25, 3157-3176
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
High-resolution mapping reveals topologically distinct cellular pools of phosphatidylserine.
G. D. Fairn, N. L. Schieber, N. Ariotti, S. Murphy, L. Kuerschner, R. I. Webb, S. Grinstein, and R. G. Parton (2011)
J. Cell Biol. 194, 257-275
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
{alpha}-Synuclein and ALPS motifs are membrane curvature sensors whose contrasting chemistry mediates selective vesicle binding.
I. M. Pranke, V. Morello, J. Bigay, K. Gibson, J.-M. Verbavatz, B. Antonny, and C. L. Jackson (2011)
J. Cell Biol. 194, 89-103
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Phosphorylation controls a dual-function polybasic nuclear localization sequence in the adapter protein SH2B1{beta} to regulate its cellular function and distribution.
T. J. Maures, H.-W. Su, L. S. Argetsinger, S. Grinstein, and C. Carter-Su (2011)
J. Cell Sci. 124, 1542-1552
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Selective Regulation of MAP Kinase Signaling by an Endomembrane Phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinase.
S. D. Cappell and H. G. Dohlman (2011)
J. Biol. Chem. 286, 14852-14860
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Gag Localization and Virus-Like Particle Release Mediated by the Matrix Domain of Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Gag Are Less Dependent on Phosphatidylinositol-(4,5)-Bisphosphate than Those Mediated by the Matrix Domain of HIV-1 Gag.
J. Inlora, V. Chukkapalli, D. Derse, and A. Ono (2011)
J. Virol. 85, 3802-3810
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cytosolic H+ microdomain developed around AE1 during AE1-mediated Cl-/HCO3- exchange.
D. E. Johnson and J. R. Casey (2011)
J. Physiol. 589, 1551-1569
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Phosphatidylserine is a critical modulator for Akt activation.
B. X. Huang, M. Akbar, K. Kevala, and H.-Y. Kim (2011)
J. Cell Biol. 192, 979-992
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Identification of Novel Binding Partners (Annexins) for the Cell Death Signal Phosphatidylserine and Definition of Their Recognition Motif.
S. Rosenbaum, S. Kreft, J. Etich, C. Frie, J. Stermann, I. Grskovic, B. Frey, D. Mielenz, E. Poschl, U. Gaipl, et al. (2011)
J. Biol. Chem. 286, 5708-5716
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Functions of phospholipid flippases.
K. Tanaka, K. Fujimura-Kamada, and T. Yamamoto (2011)
J. Biochem. 149, 131-143
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Characterization of a Binding Site for Anionic Phospholipids on KCNQ1.
A. M. Thomas, S. C. Harmer, T. Khambra, and A. Tinker (2011)
J. Biol. Chem. 286, 2088-2100
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Changes in mitochondrial surface charge mediate recruitment of signaling molecules during apoptosis.
B. Heit, T. Yeung, and S. Grinstein (2011)
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 300, C33-C41
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Charge of the mito brigade. Focus on "Changes in mitochondrial surface charge mediate recruitment of signaling molecules during apoptosis".
G. R. Dubyak (2011)
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 300, C11-C13
   Full Text »    PDF »
Phosphatidylserine Is Involved in the Ferrichrome-induced Plasma Membrane Trafficking of Arn1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Y. Guo, W.-C. Au, M. Shakoury-Elizeh, O. Protchenko, M. Basrai, W. A. Prinz, and C. C. Philpott (2010)
J. Biol. Chem. 285, 39564-39573
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Lipidation by the Host Prenyltransferase Machinery Facilitates Membrane Localization of Legionella pneumophila Effector Proteins.
S. S. Ivanov, G. Charron, H. C. Hang, and C. R. Roy (2010)
J. Biol. Chem. 285, 34686-34698
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Imaging signal transduction during phagocytosis: phospholipids, surface charge, and electrostatic interactions.
S. Grinstein (2010)
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 299, C876-C881
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Anionic Phospholipid Interactions of the Prion Protein N Terminus Are Minimally Perturbing and Not Driven Solely by the Octapeptide Repeat Domain.
M. P. Boland, C. R. Hatty, F. Separovic, A. F. Hill, D. J. Tew, K. J. Barnham, C. L. Haigh, M. James, C. L. Masters, and S. J. Collins (2010)
J. Biol. Chem. 285, 32282-32292
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Phosphatidic Acid Is a pH Biosensor That Links Membrane Biogenesis to Metabolism.
B. P. Young, J. J. H. Shin, R. Orij, J. T. Chao, S. C. Li, X. L. Guan, A. Khong, E. Jan, M. R. Wenk, W. A. Prinz, et al. (2010)
Science 329, 1085-1088
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase PI4KIII{alpha} is required for the recruitment of GBF1 to Golgi membranes.
K. Dumaresq-Doiron, M.-F. Savard, S. Akam, S. Costantino, and S. Lefrancois (2010)
J. Cell Sci. 123, 2273-2280
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate Directs Spermatid Cell Polarity and Exocyst Localization in Drosophila.
L. Fabian, H. C. Wei, J. Rollins, T. Noguchi, J. T. Blankenship, K. Bellamkonda, G. Polevoy, L. Gervais, A. Guichet, M. T. Fuller, et al. (2010)
Mol. Biol. Cell 21, 1546-1555
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Pivotal Advance: Phospholipids determine net membrane surface charge resulting in differential localization of active Rac1 and Rac2.
M. A. O. Magalhaes and M. Glogauer (2010)
J. Leukoc. Biol. 87, 545-555
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Identification of a conserved membrane localization domain within numerous large bacterial protein toxins.
B. Geissler, R. Tungekar, and K. J. F. Satchell (2010)
PNAS 107, 5581-5586
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Proteome of Acidic Phospholipid-binding Proteins: SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL REGULATION OF CORONIN 1A BY PHOSPHOINOSITIDES.
K. Tsujita, T. Itoh, A. Kondo, M. Oyama, H. Kozuka-Hata, Y. Irino, J. Hasegawa, and T. Takenawa (2010)
J. Biol. Chem. 285, 6781-6789
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Amiloride inhibits macropinocytosis by lowering submembranous pH and preventing Rac1 and Cdc42 signaling.
M. Koivusalo, C. Welch, H. Hayashi, C. C. Scott, M. Kim, T. Alexander, N. Touret, K. M. Hahn, and S. Grinstein (2010)
J. Cell Biol. 188, 547-563
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Surface Charge: A Key Determinant of Protein Localization and Function.
N. M. Goldenberg and B. E. Steinberg (2010)
Cancer Res. 70, 1277-1280
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase from C4 Leaves Is Selectively Targeted for Inhibition by Anionic Phospholipids.
J. A. Monreal, F. McLoughlin, C. Echevarria, S. Garcia-Maurino, and C. Testerink (2010)
Plant Physiology 152, 634-638
   Full Text »    PDF »
Cell Adhesion Molecule DdCAD-1 Is Imported into Contractile Vacuoles by Membrane Invagination in a Ca2+- and Conformation-dependent Manner.
S. Sriskanthadevan, T. Lee, Z. Lin, D. Yang, and C.-H. Siu (2009)
J. Biol. Chem. 284, 36377-36386
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Virulence Determinants Invasin, YopE, and YopT Modulate RhoG Activity and Localization.
S. Mohammadi and R. R. Isberg (2009)
Infect. Immun. 77, 4771-4782
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Constitutive Endocytosis of the Chemokine CX3CL1 Prevents Its Degradation by Cell Surface Metalloproteases.
Y.-W. Huang, P. Su, G. Y. Liu, M. R. Crow, D. Chaukos, H. Yan, and L. A. Robinson (2009)
J. Biol. Chem. 284, 29644-29653
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
New Insights into How the Rho Guanine Nucleotide Dissociation Inhibitor Regulates the Interaction of Cdc42 with Membranes.
J. L. Johnson, J. W. Erickson, and R. A. Cerione (2009)
J. Biol. Chem. 284, 23860-23871
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Contribution of phosphatidylserine to membrane surface charge and protein targeting during phagosome maturation.
T. Yeung, B. Heit, J.-F. Dubuisson, G. D. Fairn, B. Chiu, R. Inman, A. Kapus, M. Swanson, and S. Grinstein (2009)
J. Cell Biol. 185, 917-928
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Functional implications of the influence of ABCA1 on lipid microenvironment at the plasma membrane: a biophysical study.
A. Zarubica, A. P. Plazzo, M. Stockl, T. Trombik, Y. Hamon, P. Muller, T. Pomorski, A. Herrmann, and G. Chimini (2009)
FASEB J 23, 1775-1785
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Bisphosphate-Dependent Interaction of Myelin Basic Protein with the Plasma Membrane in Oligodendroglial Cells and Its Rapid Perturbation by Elevated Calcium.
S. Nawaz, A. Kippert, A. S. Saab, H. B. Werner, T. Lang, K.-A. Nave, and M. Simons (2009)
J. Neurosci. 29, 4794-4807
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A clathrin-dependent pathway leads to KRas signaling on late endosomes en route to lysosomes.
A. Lu, F. Tebar, B. Alvarez-Moya, C. Lopez-Alcala, M. Calvo, C. Enrich, N. Agell, T. Nakamura, M. Matsuda, and O. Bachs (2009)
J. Cell Biol. 184, 863-879
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Sterols Are Mainly in the Cytoplasmic Leaflet of the Plasma Membrane and the Endocytic Recycling Compartment in CHO Cells.
M. Mondal, B. Mesmin, S. Mukherjee, and F. R. Maxfield (2009)
Mol. Biol. Cell 20, 581-588
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Role for Connexin43 in Macrophage Phagocytosis and Host Survival after Bacterial Peritoneal Infection.
R. J. Anand, S. Dai, S. C. Gribar, W. Richardson, J. W. Kohler, R. A. Hoffman, M. F. Branca, J. Li, X.-H. Shi, C. P. Sodhi, et al. (2008)
J. Immunol. 181, 8534-8543
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Differential Roles of Phosphatidylserine, PtdIns(4,5)P2, and PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 in Plasma Membrane Targeting of C2 Domains: MOLECULAR DYNAMICS SIMULATION, MEMBRANE BINDING, AND CELL TRANSLOCATION STUDIES OF THE PKC{alpha} C2 Domain.
D. Manna, N. Bhardwaj, M. S. Vora, R. V. Stahelin, H. Lu, and W. Cho (2008)
J. Biol. Chem. 283, 26047-26058
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
SopB promotes phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate formation on Salmonella vacuoles by recruiting Rab5 and Vps34.
G. V. Mallo, M. Espina, A. C. Smith, M. R. Terebiznik, A. Aleman, B. B. Finlay, L. E. Rameh, S. Grinstein, and J. H. Brumell (2008)
J. Cell Biol. 182, 741-752
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Thematic Review Series: Glycerolipids. Phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine in mammalian cells: two metabolically related aminophospholipids.
J. E. Vance (2008)
J. Lipid Res. 49, 1377-1387
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Identification of Regions Required for Apical Membrane Localization of Human Multidrug Resistance Protein 2.
P. E. Bandler, C. J. Westlake, C. E. Grant, S. P. C. Cole, and R. G. Deeley (2008)
Mol. Pharmacol. 74, 9-19
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
CELL BIOLOGY: A One-Sided Signal.
G. D. Fairn and S. Grinstein (2008)
Science 320, 458-460
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Annexin A6-induced Inhibition of Cytoplasmic Phospholipase A2 Is Linked to Caveolin-1 Export from the Golgi.
L. Cubells, S. V. de Muga, F. Tebar, J. V. Bonventre, J. Balsinde, A. Pol, T. Grewal, and C. Enrich (2008)
J. Biol. Chem. 283, 10174-10183
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Crystal Structure of Lactadherin C2 Domain at 1.7A Resolution with Mutational and Computational Analyses of Its Membrane-binding Motif.
C. Shao, V. A. Novakovic, J. F. Head, B. A. Seaton, and G. E. Gilbert (2008)
J. Biol. Chem. 283, 7230-7241
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »

To Advertise     Find Products

Science Signaling. ISSN 1937-9145 (online), 1945-0877 (print). Pre-2008: Science's STKE. ISSN 1525-8882