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Science 331 (6014): 220-223

Copyright © 2011 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science

Light-Driven Changes in Energy Metabolism Directly Entrain the Cyanobacterial Circadian Oscillator

Michael J. Rust,1,* Susan S. Golden,2 Erin K. O’Shea1,{dagger}

Abstract: Circadian clocks are self-sustained biological oscillators that can be entrained by environmental cues. Although this phenomenon has been studied in many organisms, the molecular mechanisms of entrainment remain unclear. Three cyanobacterial proteins and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) are sufficient to generate oscillations in phosphorylation in vitro. We show that changes in illumination that induce a phase shift in cultured cyanobacteria also cause changes in the ratio of ATP to adenosine diphosphate (ADP). When these nucleotide changes are simulated in the in vitro oscillator, they cause phase shifts similar to those observed in vivo. Physiological concentrations of ADP inhibit kinase activity in the oscillator, and a mathematical model constrained by data shows that this effect is sufficient to quantitatively explain entrainment of the cyanobacterial circadian clock.

1 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Center for Systems Biology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
2 Center for Chronobiology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.

* Present address: Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology and Institute for Genomics and Systems Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.

{dagger} To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: eoshea{at}mcb.harvard.edu

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