Elizabeth E. Bellocchio,^* Richard J. Reimer,^* Robert T. Fremeau Jr., Robert H. Edwards

Previous work has identified two families of proteins that transport classical neurotransmitters into synaptic vesicles, but the protein responsible for vesicular transport of the principal excitatory transmitter glutamate has remained unknown. We demonstrate that a protein that is unrelated to any known neurotransmitter transporters and that was previously suggested to mediate the Na⁺-dependent uptake of inorganic phosphate across the plasma membrane transports glutamate into synaptic vesicles. In addition, we show that this vesicular glutamate transporter, VGLUT1, exhibits a conductance for chloride that is blocked by glutamate.

Departments of Neurology and Physiology, Graduate Programs in Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Biomedical Sciences, University of California at San Francisco School of Medicine, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143-0435, USA.
^*   These authors contributed equally to the work.

   To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: edwards{at}itsa.ucsf.edu

Retinal Input Regulates the Timing of Corticogeniculate Innervation.

T. A. Seabrook, R. N. El-Danaf, T. E. Krahe, M. A. Fox, and W. Guido (2013)
J. Neurosci. 33, 10085-10097
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Lack of Evidence for Vesicular Glutamate Transporter Expression in Mouse Astrocytes.

D. Li, K. Herault, K. Silm, A. Evrard, S. Wojcik, M. Oheim, E. Herzog, and N. Ropert (2013)
J. Neurosci. 33, 4434-4455
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Vesicular uptake and exocytosis of L-aspartate is independent of sialin.

C. Morland, K. Nordengen, M. Larsson, L. M. Prolo, Z. Farzampour, R. J. Reimer, and V. Gundersen (2013)
FASEB J 27, 1264-1274
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Rax Is a Selector Gene for Mediobasal Hypothalamic Cell Types.

F. Lu, D. Kar, N. Gruenig, Z. W. Zhang, N. Cousins, H. M. Rodgers, E. C. Swindell, M. Jamrich, C. Schuurmans, P. H. Mathers, et al. (2013)
J. Neurosci. 33, 259-272
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Vesicular Neurotransmitter Transporters: An Approach for Studying Transporters With Purified Proteins.

H. Omote and Y. Moriyama (2013)
Physiology 28, 39-50
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Glutamate Corelease Promotes Growth and Survival of Midbrain Dopamine Neurons.

G. M. Fortin, M.-J. Bourque, J. A. Mendez, D. Leo, K. Nordenankar, C. Birgner, E. Arvidsson, V. V. Rymar, N. Berube-Carriere, A.-M. Claveau, et al. (2012)
J. Neurosci. 32, 17477-17491
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Clustered burst firing in FMR1 premutation hippocampal neurons: amelioration with allopregnanolone.

Z. Cao, S. Hulsizer, F. Tassone, H.-t. Tang, R. J. Hagerman, M. A. Rogawski, P. J. Hagerman, and I. N. Pessah (2012)
Hum. Mol. Genet. 21, 2923-2935
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Impaired neurotransmission in ether lipid-deficient nerve terminals.

A. Brodde, A. Teigler, B. Brugger, W. D. Lehmann, F. Wieland, J. Berger, and W. W. Just (2012)
Hum. Mol. Genet. 21, 2713-2724
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Vesicular and Plasma Membrane Transporters for Neurotransmitters.

R. D. Blakely and R. H. Edwards (2012)
Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 4, a005595
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Specific Regulation of NRG1 Isoform Expression by Neuronal Activity.

X. Liu, R. Bates, D.-M. Yin, C. Shen, F. Wang, N. Su, S. A. Kirov, Y. Luo, J.-Z. Wang, W.-C. Xiong, et al. (2011)
J. Neurosci. 31, 8491-8501
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Normal Physiological and Pathophysiological Effects of Trypan Blue on the Retinas of Albino Rabbits.

G. Heilweil, I. Komarowska, E. Zemel, A. Loewenstein, and I. Perlman (2010)
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 51, 4187-4194
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Vesicular Glutamate Transporter VGLUT1 Has a Role in Hippocampal Long-Term Potentiation and Spatial Reversal Learning.

D. Balschun, D. Moechars, Z. Callaerts-Vegh, B. Vermaercke, N. Van Acker, L. Andries, and R. D'Hooge (2010)
Cereb Cortex 20, 684-693
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

VGLUT2 in dopamine neurons is required for psychostimulant-induced behavioral activation.

C. Birgner, K. Nordenankar, M. Lundblad, J. A. Mendez, C. Smith, M. le Greves, D. Galter, L. Olson, A. Fredriksson, L.-E. Trudeau, et al. (2010)
PNAS 107, 389-394
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Antidepressant Actions of Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors.

H. E. Covington III, I. Maze, Q. C. LaPlant, V. F. Vialou, Y. N. Ohnishi, O. Berton, D. M. Fass, W. Renthal, A. J. Rush III, E. Y. Wu, et al. (2009)
J. Neurosci. 29, 11451-11460
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Enriched Expression of Serotonin 1B and 2A Receptor Genes in Macaque Visual Cortex and their Bidirectional Modulatory Effects on Neuronal Responses.

A. Watakabe, Y. Komatsu, O. Sadakane, S. Shimegi, T. Takahata, N. Higo, S. Tochitani, T. Hashikawa, T. Naito, H. Osaki, et al. (2009)
Cereb Cortex 19, 1915-1928
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

The Phosphate Transporter PHT4;6 Is a Determinant of Salt Tolerance that Is Localized to the Golgi Apparatus of Arabidopsis.

B. Cubero, Y. Nakagawa, X.-Y. Jiang, K.-J. Miura, F. Li, K. G. Raghothama, R. A. Bressan, P. M. Hasegawa, and J. M. Pardo (2009)
Mol Plant 2, 535-552
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Restricted Cortical and Amygdaloid Removal of Vesicular Glutamate Transporter 2 in Preadolescent Mice Impacts Dopaminergic Activity and Neuronal Circuitry of Higher Brain Function.

A. Wallen-Mackenzie, K. Nordenankar, K. Fejgin, M. C. Lagerstrom, L. Emilsson, R. Fredriksson, C. Wass, D. Andersson, E. Egecioglu, M. Andersson, et al. (2009)
J. Neurosci. 29, 2238-2251
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

The role of endocytosis in regulating the strength of hippocampal synapses.

B. Granseth and L. Lagnado (2008)
J. Physiol. 586, 5969-5982
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

The Orphan Transporter Rxt1/NTT4 (SLC6A17) Functions as a Synaptic Vesicle Amino Acid Transporter Selective for Proline, Glycine, Leucine, and Alanine.

L. A. Parra, T. Baust, S. El Mestikawy, M. Quiroz, B. Hoffman, J. M. Haflett, J. K. Yao, and G. E. Torres (2008)
Mol. Pharmacol. 74, 1521-1532
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Telencephalic Neurons Monosynaptically Link Brainstem and Forebrain Premotor Networks Necessary for Song.

T. F. Roberts, M. E. Klein, M. F. Kubke, J. M. Wild, and R. Mooney (2008)
J. Neurosci. 28, 3479-3489
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Somatodendritic Release of Glutamate Regulates Synaptic Inhibition in Cerebellar Purkinje Cells via Autocrine mGluR1 Activation.

I. C. Duguid, Y. Pankratov, G. W. J. Moss, and T. G. Smart (2007)
J. Neurosci. 27, 12464-12474
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Phosphate transporters: a tale of two solute carrier families.

L. V. Virkki, J. Biber, H. Murer, and I. C. Forster (2007)
Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 293, F643-F654
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Altered expression of synaptic protein mRNAs in STOP (MAP6) mutant mice.

S. L. Eastwood, L. Lyon, L. George, A. Andrieux, D. Job, and P. J. Harrison (2007)
J Psychopharmacol 21, 635-644
 |  Abstract »  |  PDF »

Vesicular Glutamate Transporter 1 Is Required for Photoreceptor Synaptic Signaling But Not For Intrinsic Visual Functions.

J. Johnson, R. T. Fremeau Jr, J. L. Duncan, R. C. Renteria, H. Yang, Z. Hua, X. Liu, M. M. LaVail, R. H. Edwards, and D. R. Copenhagen (2007)
J. Neurosci. 27, 7245-7255
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Dynamic Changes in Vesicular Glutamate Transporter 1 Function and Expression Related to Methamphetamine-Induced Glutamate Release.

K. A. Mark, M. S. Quinton, S. J. Russek, and B. K. Yamamoto (2007)
J. Neurosci. 27, 6823-6831
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Glutamatergic Afferents of the Ventral Tegmental Area in the Rat.

S. Geisler, C. Derst, R. W. Veh, and D. S. Zahm (2007)
J. Neurosci. 27, 5730-5743
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Vesicular Glutamate Transporter 2 Is Required for Central Respiratory Rhythm Generation But Not for Locomotor Central Pattern Generation..

A. Wallen-Mackenzie, H. Gezelius, M. Thoby-Brisson, A. Nygard, A. Enjin, F. Fujiyama, G. Fortin, and K. Kullander (2006)
J. Neurosci. 26, 12294-12307
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Vesicular Glutamate Transporter VGLUT2 Expression Levels Control Quantal Size and Neuropathic Pain..

D. Moechars, M. C. Weston, S. Leo, Z. Callaerts-Vegh, I. Goris, G. Daneels, A. Buist, M. Cik, P. van der Spek, S. Kass, et al. (2006)
J. Neurosci. 26, 12055-12066
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Formation of Presynaptic Terminals at Predefined Sites along Axons..

S. L. Sabo, R. A. Gomes, and A. K. McAllister (2006)
J. Neurosci. 26, 10813-10825
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Expression of Vesicular Glutamate Transporter-2 in Gonadotrope and Thyrotrope Cells of the Rat Pituitary. Regulation by Estrogen and Thyroid Hormone Status.

E. Hrabovszky, I. Kallo, G. F. Turi, K. May, G. Wittmann, C. Fekete, and Z. Liposits (2006)
Endocrinology 147, 3818-3825
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Mice lacking brain/kidney phosphate-activated glutaminase have impaired glutamatergic synaptic transmission, altered breathing, disorganized goal-directed behavior and die shortly after birth..

J. Masson, M. Darmon, A. Conjard, N. Chuhma, N. Ropert, M. Thoby-Brisson, A. S. Foutz, S. Parrot, G. M. Miller, R. Jorisch, et al. (2006)
J. Neurosci. 26, 4660-4671
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

GABAergic Signaling at Mossy Fiber Synapses in Neonatal Rat Hippocampus.

V. F. Safiulina, G. Fattorini, F. Conti, and E. Cherubini (2006)
J. Neurosci. 26, 597-608
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Homeostatic Scaling of Vesicular Glutamate and GABA Transporter Expression in Rat Neocortical Circuits.

S. De Gois, M. K.-H. Schafer, N. Defamie, C. Chen, A. Ricci, E. Weihe, H. Varoqui, and J. D. Erickson (2005)
J. Neurosci. 25, 7121-7133
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Decreased Sensory Stimulation Reduces Behavioral Responding, Retards Development, and Alters Neuronal Connectivity in Caenorhabditis elegans.

J. K. Rose, S. Sangha, S. Rai, K. R. Norman, and C. H. Rankin (2005)
J. Neurosci. 25, 7159-7168
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Dendritic Release of Retrograde Messengers Controls Synaptic Transmission in Local Neocortical Networks.

Y. Zilberter, T. Harkany, and C. D. Holmgren (2005)
Neuroscientist 11, 334-344
 |  Abstract »  |  PDF »

Presynaptic Regulation of Quantal Size by the Vesicular Glutamate Transporter VGLUT1.

N. R. Wilson, J. Kang, E. V. Hueske, T. Leung, H. Varoqui, J. G. Murnick, J. D. Erickson, and G. Liu (2005)
J. Neurosci. 25, 6221-6234
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

G{alpha}o2 Regulates Vesicular Glutamate Transporter Activity by Changing Its Chloride Dependence.

S. Winter, I. Brunk, D. J. Walther, M. Holtje, M. Jiang, J.-U. Peter, S. Takamori, R. Jahn, L. Birnbaumer, and G. Ahnert-Hilger (2005)
J. Neurosci. 25, 4672-4680
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Vglut1 and ZnT3 co-targeting mechanisms regulate vesicular zinc stores in PC12 cells.

G. Salazar, B. Craige, R. Love, D. Kalman, and V. Faundez (2005)
J. Cell Sci. 118, 1911-1921
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Deletion of the NR2A subunit prevents developmental changes of NMDA-mEPSCs in cultured mouse cerebellar granule neurones.

Z. Fu, S. M Logan, and S. Vicini (2005)
J. Physiol. 563, 867-881
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Varied Mechanisms Underlie the Free Sialic Acid Storage Disorders.

C. C. Wreden, M. Wlizla, and R. J. Reimer (2005)
J. Biol. Chem. 280, 1408-1416
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Hypophysiotropic Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone and Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Neurons of the Rat Contain Vesicular Glutamate Transporter-2.

E. Hrabovszky, G. Wittmann, G. F. Turi, Z. Liposits, and C. Fekete (2005)
Endocrinology 146, 341-347
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Increased Expression of the Drosophila Vesicular Glutamate Transporter Leads to Excess Glutamate Release and a Compensatory Decrease in Quantal Content.

R. W. Daniels, C. A. Collins, M. V. Gelfand, J. Dant, E. S. Brooks, D. E. Krantz, and A. DiAntonio (2004)
J. Neurosci. 24, 10466-10474
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Chemically Specific Circuit Composed of Vesicular Glutamate Transporter 3- and Preprotachykinin B-producing Interneurons in the Rat Neocortex.

H. Hioki, F. Fujiyama, K. Nakamura, S.-X. Wu, W. Matsuda, and T. Kaneko (2004)
Cereb Cortex 14, 1266-1275
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Thiamine Pyrophosphate Biosynthesis and Transport in the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.

L. de Jong, Y. Meng, J. Dent, and S. Hekimi (2004)
Genetics 168, 845-854
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Neuronal Toxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans from an Editing Site Mutant in Glutamate Receptor Channels.

R. Aronoff, J. E. Mellem, A. V. Maricq, R. Sprengel, and P. H. Seeburg (2004)
J. Neurosci. 24, 8135-8140
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

NEUROSCIENCE: Vesicular Glutamate Transporter--Shooting Blanks.

K. Schuske and E. M. Jorgensen (2004)
Science 304, 1750-1752
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Vesicular Glutamate Transporters 1 and 2 Target to Functionally Distinct Synaptic Release Sites.

R. T. Fremeau Jr., K. Kam, T. Qureshi, J. Johnson, D. R. Copenhagen, J. Storm-Mathisen, F. A. Chaudhry, R. A. Nicoll, and R. H. Edwards (2004)
Science 304, 1815-1819
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

AP-3-dependent Mechanisms Control the Targeting of a Chloride Channel (ClC-3) in Neuronal and Non-neuronal Cells.

G. Salazar, R. Love, M. L. Styers, E. Werner, A. Peden, S. Rodriguez, M. Gearing, B. H. Wainer, and V. Faundez (2004)
J. Biol. Chem. 279, 25430-25439
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Endocannabinoid-Independent Retrograde Signaling at Inhibitory Synapses in Layer 2/3 of Neocortex: Involvement of Vesicular Glutamate Transporter 3.

T. Harkany, C. Holmgren, W. Hartig, T. Qureshi, F. A. Chaudhry, J. Storm-Mathisen, M. B. Dobszay, P. Berghuis, G. Schulte, K. M. Sousa, et al. (2004)
J. Neurosci. 24, 4978-4988
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

An essential role for vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VGLUT1) in postnatal development and control of quantal size.

S. M. Wojcik, J. S. Rhee, E. Herzog, A. Sigler, R. Jahn, S. Takamori, N. Brose, and C. Rosenmund (2004)
PNAS 101, 7158-7163
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Fusion-related Release of Glutamate from Astrocytes.

Q. Zhang, T. Pangrsic, M. Kreft, M. Krzan, N. Li, J.-Y. Sul, M. Halassa, E. Van Bockstaele, R. Zorec, and P. G. Haydon (2004)
J. Biol. Chem. 279, 12724-12733
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Clathrin-mediated endocytosis is required for compensatory regulation of GLR-1 glutamate receptors after activity blockade.

M. E. Grunwald, J. E. Mellem, N. Strutz, A. V. Maricq, and J. M. Kaplan (2004)
PNAS 101, 3190-3195
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Dopamine and Glutamate Control Area-Restricted Search Behavior in Caenorhabditis elegans.

T. Hills, P. J. Brockie, and A. V. Maricq (2004)
J. Neurosci. 24, 1217-1225
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Glutamatergic Chemical Transmission: Look! Here, There, and Anywhere.

Y. Moriyama and A. Yamamoto (2004)
J. Biochem. 135, 155-163
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

The Zinc Transporter ZnT3 Interacts with AP-3 and It Is Preferentially Targeted to a Distinct Synaptic Vesicle Subpopulation.

G. Salazar, R. Love, E. Werner, M. M. Doucette, S. Cheng, A. Levey, and V. Faundez (2004)
Mol. Biol. Cell 15, 575-587
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Infantile bilateral striatal necrosis maps to chromosome 19q.

L. Basel-Vanagaite, R. Straussberg, H. Ovadia, A. Kaplan, N. Magal, Z. Shorer, H. Shalev, C. Walsh, and M. Shohat (2004)
Neurology 62, 87-90
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Anatomy of adenosine A2A receptors in brain: Morphological substrates for integration of striatal function.

D. L. Rosin, B. D. Hettinger, A. Lee, and J. Linden (2003)
Neurology 61, S12-18
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »

Direct and Indirect Regulation of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neurons by Estradiol.

S. L. Petersen, E. N. Ottem, and C. D. Carpenter (2003)
Biol Reprod 69, 1771-1778
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Expression and Localization of Vesicular Glutamate Transporters in Pancreatic Islets, Upper Gastrointestinal Tract, and Testis.

M. Hayashi, R. Morimoto, A. Yamamoto, and Y. Moriyama (2003)
Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 51, 1375-1390
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

The Caenorhabditis elegans ems class homeobox gene ceh-2 is required for M3 pharynx motoneuron function.

G. Aspock, G. Ruvkun, and T. R. Burglin (2003)
Development 130, 3369-3378
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Glucose metabolism and glutamate analog acutely alkalinize pH of insulin secretory vesicles of pancreatic {beta}-cells.

K. Eto, T. Yamashita, K. Hirose, Y. Tsubamoto, E. K. Ainscow, G. A. Rutter, S. Kimura, M. Noda, M. Iino, and T. Kadowaki (2003)
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 285, E262-E271
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Functional Properties and Cellular Distribution of the System A Glutamine Transporter SNAT1 Support Specialized Roles in Central Neurons.

B. Mackenzie, M. K.-H. Schafer, J. D. Erickson, M. A. Hediger, E. Weihe, and H. Varoqui (2003)
J. Biol. Chem. 278, 23720-23730
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Brain Synaptic Junctional Proteins at the Acrosome of Rat Testicular Germ Cells.

P. Redecker, M. R. Kreutz, J. Bockmann, E. D. Gundelfinger, and T. M. Boeckers (2003)
Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 51, 809-819
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Characterization of vesicular glutamate transporter in pancreatic alpha - and beta -cells and its regulation by glucose.

L. Bai, X. Zhang, and F. K. Ghishan (2003)
Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 284, G808-G814
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

From Genes to Integrative Physiology: Ion Channel and Transporter Biology in Caenorhabditis elegans.

K. Strange (2003)
Physiol Rev 83, 377-415
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Stages of Memory in the Nematode Caenorhabditis Elegans.

S. Steidl, J. K. Rose, and C. H. Rankin (2003)
Behav Cogn Neurosci Rev 2, 3-14
 |  Abstract »  |  PDF »

Glycolysis and Glutamate Accumulation into Synaptic Vesicles. ROLE OF GLYCERALDEHYDE PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE AND 3-PHOSPHOGLYCERATE KINASE.

A. Ikemoto, D. G. Bole, and T. Ueda (2003)
J. Biol. Chem. 278, 5929-5940
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Distribution of Vesicular Glutamate Transporter-2 Messenger Ribonucleic Acid and Protein in the Septum-Hypothalamus of the Rat.

W. Lin, K. McKinney, L. Liu, S. Lakhlani, and L. Jennes (2003)
Endocrinology 144, 662-670
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Vesicular Neurotransmitter Transporter Expression in Developing Postnatal Rodent Retina: GABA and Glycine Precede Glutamate.

J. Johnson, N. Tian, M. S. Caywood, R. J. Reimer, R. H. Edwards, and D. R. Copenhagen (2003)
J. Neurosci. 23, 518-529
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Secretory Granule-mediated Co-secretion of L-Glutamate and Glucagon Triggers Glutamatergic Signal Transmission in Islets of Langerhans.

M. Hayashi, H. Yamada, S. Uehara, R. Morimoto, A. Muroyama, S. Yatsushiro, J. Takeda, A. Yamamoto, and Y. Moriyama (2003)
J. Biol. Chem. 278, 1966-1974
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Molecular Cloning and Functional Identification of Mouse Vesicular Glutamate Transporter 3 and Its Expression in Subsets of Novel Excitatory Neurons.

M. K.-H. Schafer, H. Varoqui, N. Defamie, E. Weihe, and J. D. Erickson (2002)
J. Biol. Chem. 277, 50734-50748
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Subtype-specific Expression of Group III Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors and Ca2+ Channels in Single Nerve Terminals.

C. Millan, R. Lujan, R. Shigemoto, and J. Sanchez-Prieto (2002)
J. Biol. Chem. 277, 47796-47803
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The identification of vesicular glutamate transporter 3 suggests novel modes of signaling by glutamate.

R. T. Fremeau Jr., J. Burman, T. Qureshi, C. H. Tran, J. Proctor, J. Johnson, H. Zhang, D. Sulzer, D. R. Copenhagen, J. Storm-Mathisen, et al. (2002)
PNAS 99, 14488-14493
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

A Third Vesicular Glutamate Transporter Expressed by Cholinergic and Serotoninergic Neurons.

C. Gras, E. Herzog, G. C. Bellenchi, V. Bernard, P. Ravassard, M. Pohl, B. Gasnier, B. Giros, and S. El Mestikawy (2002)
J. Neurosci. 22, 5442-5451
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

GABAergic Terminals Are Required for Postsynaptic Clustering of Dystrophin But Not of GABAA Receptors and Gephyrin.

I. Brunig, A. Suter, I. Knuesel, B. Luscher, and J.-M. Fritschy (2002)
J. Neurosci. 22, 4805-4813
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Localization and function of group III metabotropic glutamate receptors in rat pancreatic islets.

Q. Tong, R. Ouedraogo, and A. L. Kirchgessner (2002)
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 282, E1324-E1333
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Molecular Structure and Physiological Function of Chloride Channels.

T. J. Jentsch, V. Stein, F. Weinreich, and A. A. Zdebik (2002)
Physiol Rev 82, 503-568
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Identification of the Differentiation-Associated Na+/PI Transporter as a Novel Vesicular Glutamate Transporter Expressed in a Distinct Set of Glutamatergic Synapses.

H. Varoqui, M. K.-H. Schafer, H. Zhu, E. Weihe, and J. D. Erickson (2002)
J. Neurosci. 22, 142-155
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The EGL-3 Proprotein Convertase Regulates Mechanosensory Responses of Caenorhabditis elegans.

J. Kass, T. C. Jacob, P. Kim, and J. M. Kaplan (2001)
J. Neurosci. 21, 9265-9272
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Differentiation-associated Na+-dependent Inorganic Phosphate Cotransporter (DNPI) Is a Vesicular Glutamate Transporter in Endocrine Glutamatergic Systems.

M. Hayashi, M. Otsuka, R. Morimoto, S. Hirota, S. Yatsushiro, J. Takeda, A. Yamamoto, and Y. Moriyama (2001)
J. Biol. Chem. 276, 43400-43406
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Priming of insulin granules for exocytosis by granular Cl- uptake and acidification.

S. Barg, P. Huang, L. Eliasson, D. J. Nelson, S. Obermuller, P. Rorsman, F. Thevenod, and E. Renstrom (2001)
J. Cell Sci. 114, 2145-2154
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Regulation of Distinct Attractive and Aversive Mechanisms Mediating Benzaldehyde Chemotaxis in Caenorhabditis elegans.

W. M. Nuttley, S. Harbinder, and D. van der Kooy (2001)
Learn. Mem. 8, 170-181
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Analyses of Habituation in Caenorhabditis elegans.

J. K. Rose and C. H. Rankin (2001)
Learn. Mem. 8, 63-69
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Differential Expression of Glutamate Receptor Subunits in the Nervous System of Caenorhabditis elegans and Their Regulation by the Homeodomain Protein UNC-42.

P. J. Brockie, D. M. Madsen, Y. Zheng, J. Mellem, and A. V. Maricq (2001)
J. Neurosci. 21, 1510-1522
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The Neuroscientist Comments.

(2001)
Neuroscientist 7, 1-2
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The vesicular neurotransmitter transporters: current perspectives and future prospects.

L. E. EIDEN (2000)
FASEB J 14, 2396-2400
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Neurogenetics of vesicular transporters in C. elegans.

J. B. RAND, J. S. DUERR, and D. L. FRISBY (2000)
FASEB J 14, 2414-2422
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Chemical neuroanatomy of the vesicular amine transporters.

E. WEIHE and L. E. EIDEN (2000)
FASEB J 14, 2435-2449
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Mitochondrial signals in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in the beta cell.

P. Maechler and C. B Wollheim (2000)
J. Physiol. 529, 49-56
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Synaptic Vesicle Transporter Expression Regulates Vesicle Phenotype and Quantal Size.

E. N. Pothos, K. E. Larsen, D. E. Krantz, Y.-j. Liu, J. W. Haycock, W. Setlik, M. D. Gershon, R. H. Edwards, and D. Sulzer (2000)
J. Neurosci. 20, 7297-7306
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D-Aspartate Is Stored in Secretory Granules and Released through a Ca2+-dependent Pathway in a Subset of Rat Pheochromocytoma PC12 Cells.

S. Nakatsuka, M. Hayashi, A. Muroyama, M. Otsuka, S. Kozaki, H. Yamada, and Y. Moriyama (2001)
J. Biol. Chem. 276, 26589-26596
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Molecular and Functional Analysis of a Novel Neuronal Vesicular Glutamate Transporter.

L. Bai, H. Xu, J. F. Collins, and F. K. Ghishan (2001)
J. Biol. Chem. 276, 36764-36769
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The Existence of a Second Vesicular Glutamate Transporter Specifies Subpopulations of Glutamatergic Neurons.

E. Herzog, G. C. Bellenchi, C. Gras, V. Bernard, P. Ravassard, C. Bedet, B. Gasnier, B. Giros, and S. El Mestikawy (2001)
J. Neurosci. 21, RC181
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Identification of Differentiation-Associated Brain-Specific Phosphate Transporter as a Second Vesicular Glutamate Transporter (VGLUT2).

S. Takamori, J. S. Rhee, C. Rosenmund, and R. Jahn (2001)
J. Neurosci. 21, RC182
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