Vadim S. Kraynov,^1* Chester Chamberlain,^1* Gary M. Bokoch,¹² Martin A. Schwartz,³ Sarah Slabaugh,¹ Klaus M. Hahn¹

Signaling proteins are thought to be tightly regulated spatially and temporally in order to generate specific and localized effects. For Rac and other small guanosine triphosphatases, binding to guanosine triphosphate leads to interaction with downstream targets and regulates subcellular localization. A method called FLAIR (fluorescence activation indicator for Rho proteins) was developed to quantify the spatio-temporal dynamics of the Rac1 nucleotide state in living cells. FLAIR revealed precise spatial control of growth factor-induced Rac activation, in membrane ruffles and in a gradient of activation at the leading edge of motile cells. FLAIR exemplifies a generally applicable approach for examining spatio-temporal control of protein activity.

Departments of
¹ Cell Biology,
² Immunology, and
³ Vascular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
^*   These authors contributed equally to this work.

   To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: khahn{at}scripps.edu

GDNF and Endothelin 3 Regulate Migration of Enteric Neural Crest-Derived Cells via Protein Kinase A and Rac1.

A. Goto, K. Sumiyama, Y. Kamioka, E. Nakasyo, K. Ito, M. Iwasaki, H. Enomoto, and M. Matsuda (2013)
J. Neurosci. 33, 4901-4912
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Millisecond spatiotemporal dynamics of FRET biosensors by the pair correlation function and the phasor approach to FLIM.

E. Hinde, M. A. Digman, K. M. Hahn, and E. Gratton (2013)
PNAS 110, 135-140
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Synthetic spatially graded Rac activation drives cell polarization and movement.

B. Lin, W. R. Holmes, C. J. Wang, T. Ueno, A. Harwell, L. Edelstein-Keshet, T. Inoue, and A. Levchenko (2012)
PNAS 109, E3668-E3677
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Activity of PLC{varepsilon} contributes to chemotaxis of fibroblasts towards PDGF.

M. Martins, S. Warren, C. Kimberley, A. Margineanu, P. Peschard, A. McCarthy, M. Yeo, C. J. Marshall, C. Dunsby, P. M. W. French, et al. (2012)
J. Cell Sci. 125, 5758-5769
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Tiam1 interaction with the PAR complex promotes talin-mediated Rac1 activation during polarized cell migration.

S. Wang, T. Watanabe, K. Matsuzawa, A. Katsumi, M. Kakeno, T. Matsui, F. Ye, K. Sato, K. Murase, I. Sugiyama, et al. (2012)
J. Cell Biol. 199, 331-345
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Nodal signaling regulates endodermal cell motility and actin dynamics via Rac1 and Prex1.

S. Woo, M. P. Housley, O. D. Weiner, and D. Y. R. Stainier (2012)
J. Cell Biol. 198, 941-952
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Oxidized LDL/CD36 interaction induces loss of cell polarity and inhibits macrophage locomotion.

Y. M. Park, J. A. Drazba, A. Vasanji, T. Egelhoff, M. Febbraio, and R. L. Silverstein (2012)
Mol. Biol. Cell 23, 3057-3068
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

The inositol 5-phosphatase SHIP2 is an effector of RhoA and is involved in cell polarity and migration.

K. Kato, T. Yazawa, K. Taki, K. Mori, S. Wang, T. Nishioka, T. Hamaguchi, T. Itoh, T. Takenawa, C. Kataoka, et al. (2012)
Mol. Biol. Cell 23, 2593-2604
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

FRET imaging and statistical signal processing reveal positive and negative feedback loops regulating the morphology of randomly migrating HT-1080 cells.

K. Kunida, M. Matsuda, and K. Aoki (2012)
J. Cell Sci. 125, 2381-2392
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Nonpolarized signaling reveals two distinct modes of 3D cell migration.

R. J. Petrie, N. Gavara, R. S. Chadwick, and K. M. Yamada (2012)
J. Cell Biol. 197, 439-455
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Involvement of Beclin 1 in Engulfment of Apoptotic Cells.

A. Konishi, S. Arakawa, Z. Yue, and S. Shimizu (2012)
J. Biol. Chem. 287, 13919-13929
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Governing epidermal homeostasis by coupling cell-cell adhesion to integrin and growth factor signaling, proliferation, and apoptosis.

G. Livshits, A. Kobielak, and E. Fuchs (2012)
PNAS 109, 4886-4891
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Integrin {alpha}6{beta}4 cooperates with LPA signaling to stimulate Rac through AKAP-Lbc-mediated RhoA activation.

K. L. O'Connor, M. Chen, and L. N. Towers (2012)
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 302, C605-C614
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Inhibition and Termination of Physiological Responses by GTPase Activating Proteins.

E. Ligeti, S. Welti, and K. Scheffzek (2012)
Physiol Rev 92, 237-272
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

ARHGAP18, a GTPase-activating protein for RhoA, controls cell shape, spreading, and motility.

M. Maeda, H. Hasegawa, T. Hyodo, S. Ito, E. Asano, H. Yuang, K. Funasaka, K. Shimokata, Y. Hasegawa, M. Hamaguchi, et al. (2011)
Mol. Biol. Cell 22, 3840-3852
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Integrins in Cell Migration.

A. Huttenlocher and A. R. Horwitz (2011)
Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 3, a005074
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Myosin IIA/IIB restrict adhesive and protrusive signaling to generate front-back polarity in migrating cells.

M. Vicente-Manzanares, K. Newell-Litwa, A. I. Bachir, L. A. Whitmore, and A. R. Horwitz (2011)
J. Cell Biol. 193, 381-396
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Spatial Regulation of RhoA Activity during Pancreatic Cancer Cell Invasion Driven by Mutant p53.

P. Timpson, E. J. McGhee, J. P. Morton, A. von Kriegsheim, J. P. Schwarz, S. A. Karim, B. Doyle, J. A. Quinn, N. O. Carragher, M. Edward, et al. (2011)
Cancer Res. 71, 747-757
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Deletion of ABCA1 and ABCG1 Impairs Macrophage Migration Because of Increased Rac1 Signaling.

T. A. Pagler, M. Wang, M. Mondal, A. J. Murphy, M. Westerterp, K. J. Moore, F. R. Maxfield, and A. R. Tall (2011)
Circ. Res. 108, 194-200
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Type I PIPK-{alpha} regulates directed cell migration by modulating Rac1 plasma membrane targeting and activation.

W.-T. Chao, A. C. Daquinag, F. Ashcroft, and J. Kunz (2010)
J. Cell Biol. 190, 247-262
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Live cell imaging of mechanotransduction.

B. Liu, T. J. Kim, and Y. Wang (2010)
J R Soc Interface 7, S365-S375
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Scaffold Proteins IRSp53 and Spinophilin Regulate Localized Rac Activation by T-lymphocyte Invasion and Metastasis Protein 1 (TIAM1).

S. Rajagopal, Y. Ji, K. Xu, Y. Li, K. Wicks, J. Liu, K. W. Wong, I. M. Herman, R. R. Isberg, and R. J. Buchsbaum (2010)
J. Biol. Chem. 285, 18060-18071
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Spatio-temporal Rho GTPase signaling - where are we now?.

O. Pertz (2010)
J. Cell Sci. 123, 1841-1850
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Focal-adhesion targeting links caveolin-1 to a Rac1-degradation pathway.

M. Nethe, E. C. Anthony, M. Fernandez-Borja, R. Dee, D. Geerts, P. J. Hensbergen, A. M. Deelder, G. Schmidt, and P. L. Hordijk (2010)
J. Cell Sci. 123, 1948-1958
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

p23/Tmp21 Differentially Targets the Rac-GAP {beta}2-Chimaerin and Protein Kinase C via Their C1 Domains.

H. Wang and M. G. Kazanietz (2010)
Mol. Biol. Cell 21, 1398-1408
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Live Show of Rho GTPases in Cell Migration.

X. Yan, Y. Shen, and X. Zhu (2010)
J Mol Cell Biol 2, 68-69
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Amiloride inhibits macropinocytosis by lowering submembranous pH and preventing Rac1 and Cdc42 signaling.

M. Koivusalo, C. Welch, H. Hayashi, C. C. Scott, M. Kim, T. Alexander, N. Touret, K. M. Hahn, and S. Grinstein (2010)
J. Cell Biol. 188, 547-563
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

The ADMA/DDAH Pathway Regulates VEGF-Mediated Angiogenesis.

L. R. Fiedler, T. Bachetti, J. Leiper, I. Zachary, L. Chen, T. Renne, and B. Wojciak-Stothard (2009)
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 29, 2117-2124
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor-H1 Regulates Cell Migration via Localized Activation of RhoA at the Leading Edge.

P. Nalbant, Y.-C. Chang, J. Birkenfeld, Z.-F. Chang, and G. M. Bokoch (2009)
Mol. Biol. Cell 20, 4070-4082
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Cortactin Promotes Migration and Platelet-derived Growth Factor-induced Actin Reorganization by Signaling to Rho-GTPases.

F. P.L. Lai, M. Szczodrak, J. M. Oelkers, M. Ladwein, F. Acconcia, S. Benesch, S. Auinger, J. Faix, J. V. Small, S. Polo, et al. (2009)
Mol. Biol. Cell 20, 3209-3223
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Sequential Regulation of DOCK2 Dynamics by Two Phospholipids During Neutrophil Chemotaxis.

A. Nishikimi, H. Fukuhara, W. Su, T. Hongu, S. Takasuga, H. Mihara, Q. Cao, F. Sanematsu, M. Kanai, H. Hasegawa, et al. (2009)
Science 324, 384-387
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Live-cell microscopy - tips and tools.

M. M. Frigault, J. Lacoste, J. L. Swift, and C. M. Brown (2009)
J. Cell Sci. 122, 753-767
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Integrins in cell migration - the actin connection.

M. Vicente-Manzanares, C. K. Choi, and A. R. Horwitz (2009)
J. Cell Sci. 122, 199-206
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Protein Kinase A Regulates 3-Phosphatidylinositide Dynamics during Platelet-derived Growth Factor-induced Membrane Ruffling and Chemotaxis.

P. B. Deming, S. L. Campbell, L. C. Baldor, and A. K. Howe (2008)
J. Biol. Chem. 283, 35199-35211
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Rac1 accumulates in the nucleus during the G2 phase of the cell cycle and promotes cell division.

D. Michaelson, W. Abidi, D. Guardavaccaro, M. Zhou, I. Ahearn, M. Pagano, and M. R. Philips (2008)
J. Cell Biol. 181, 485-496
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Rapid Turnover Rate of Phosphoinositides at the Front of Migrating MDCK Cells.

T. Nishioka, K. Aoki, K. Hikake, H. Yoshizaki, E. Kiyokawa, and M. Matsuda (2008)
Mol. Biol. Cell 19, 4213-4223
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Determination of hierarchical relationship of Src and Rac at subcellular locations with FRET biosensors.

M. Ouyang, J. Sun, S. Chien, and Y. Wang (2008)
PNAS 105, 14353-14358
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Spatiotemporal activation of Rac1 for engulfment of apoptotic cells.

M. Nakaya, M. Kitano, M. Matsuda, and S. Nagata (2008)
PNAS 105, 9198-9203
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Bves directly interacts with GEFT, and controls cell shape and movement through regulation of Rac1/Cdc42 activity.

T. K. Smith, H. A. Hager, R. Francis, D. M. Kilkenny, C. W. Lo, and D. M. Bader (2008)
PNAS 105, 8298-8303
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Selective Labeling of Proteins with Chemical Probes in Living Cells.

M. Z. Lin and L. Wang (2008)
Physiology 23, 131-141
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Profilin induces lamellipodia by growth factor-independent mechanism.

E. Syriani, A. Gomez-Cabrero, M. Bosch, A. Moya, E. Abad, A. Gual, X. Gasull, and M. Morales (2008)
FASEB J 22, 1581-1596
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

The Tumor Suppressor LKB1 Regulates Lung Cancer Cell Polarity by Mediating cdc42 Recruitment and Activity.

S. Zhang, K. Schafer-Hales, F. R. Khuri, W. Zhou, P. M. Vertino, and A. I. Marcus (2008)
Cancer Res. 68, 740-748
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Spatial and Temporal Regulation of Focal Adhesion Kinase Activity in Living Cells.

X. Cai, D. Lietha, D. F. Ceccarelli, A. V. Karginov, Z. Rajfur, K. Jacobson, K. M. Hahn, M. J. Eck, and M. D. Schaller (2008)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 28, 201-214
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Regulation of lamellipodial persistence, adhesion turnover, and motility in macrophages by focal adhesion kinase.

K. A. Owen, F. J. Pixley, K. S. Thomas, M. Vicente-Manzanares, B. J. Ray, A. F. Horwitz, J. T. Parsons, H. E. Beggs, E. R. Stanley, and A. H. Bouton (2007)
J. Cell Biol. 179, 1275-1287
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Forced Unfolding of Proteins Within Cells.

C. P. Johnson, H.-Y. Tang, C. Carag, D. W. Speicher, and D. E. Discher (2007)
Science 317, 663-666
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

The calcium-sensing receptor changes cell shape via a beta-arrestin-1 ARNO ARF6 ELMO protein network.

T. Bouschet, S. Martin, V. Kanamarlapudi, S. Mundell, and J. M. Henley (2007)
J. Cell Sci. 120, 2489-2497
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Specific Amino Acid Dependency Regulates the Cellular Behavior of Melanoma.

Y.-M. Fu and G. G. Meadows (2007)
J. Nutr. 137, 1591S-1596S
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Helicobacter pylori CagA Induces AGS Cell Elongation through a Cell Retraction Defect That Is Independent of Cdc42, Rac1, and Arp2/3.

K. M. Bourzac, C. M. Botham, and K. Guillemin (2007)
Infect. Immun. 75, 1203-1213
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Compartmentalisation of Rho regulators directs cell invagination during tissue morphogenesis.

S. Simoes, B. Denholm, D. Azevedo, S. Sotillos, P. Martin, H. Skaer, J. C.-G. Hombria, and A. Jacinto (2006)
Development 133, 4257-4267
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

The Rho-mDia1 Pathway Regulates Cell Polarity and Focal Adhesion Turnover in Migrating Cells through Mobilizing Apc and c-Src.

N. Yamana, Y. Arakawa, T. Nishino, K. Kurokawa, M. Tanji, R. E. Itoh, J. Monypenny, T. Ishizaki, H. Bito, K. Nozaki, et al. (2006)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 26, 6844-6858
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

RLIP76 (RalBP1) is an R-Ras effector that mediates adhesion-dependent Rac activation and cell migration.

L. E. Goldfinger, C. Ptak, E. D. Jeffery, J. Shabanowitz, D. F. Hunt, and M. H. Ginsberg (2006)
J. Cell Biol. 174, 877-888
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Specificity in reactive oxidant signaling: think globally, act locally.

L. S. Terada (2006)
J. Cell Biol. 174, 615-623
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Localizing NADPH Oxidase-Derived ROS.

M. Ushio-Fukai (2006)
Sci. STKE 2006, re8
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

To stabilize neutrophil polarity, PIP3 and Cdc42 augment RhoA activity at the back as well as signals at the front.

A. Van Keymeulen, K. Wong, Z. A. Knight, C. Govaerts, K. M. Hahn, K. M. Shokat, and H. R. Bourne (2006)
J. Cell Biol. 174, 437-445
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Redox signaling in angiogenesis: Role of NADPH oxidase.

M. Ushio-Fukai (2006)
Cardiovasc Res 71, 226-235
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Multiple Sequence Elements Facilitate Chp Rho GTPase Subcellular Location, Membrane Association, and Transforming Activity.

E. J. Chenette, N. Y. Mitin, and C. J. Der (2006)
Mol. Biol. Cell 17, 3108-3121
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase-Rac1-c-Jun NH2-terminal Kinase Signaling Mediates Collagen I-induced Cell Scattering and Up-Regulation of N-Cadherin Expression in Mouse Mammary Epithelial Cells.

Y. Shintani, M. J. Wheelock, and K. R. Johnson (2006)
Mol. Biol. Cell 17, 2963-2975
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Ghrelin and the Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor Constitute a Novel Autocrine Pathway in Astrocytoma Motility.

V. D. Dixit, A. T. Weeraratna, H. Yang, D. Bertak, A. Cooper-Jenkins, G. J. Riggins, C. G. Eberhart, and D. D. Taub (2006)
J. Biol. Chem. 281, 16681-16690
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Paxillin phosphorylation at Ser273 localizes a GIT1-PIX-PAK complex and regulates adhesion and protrusion dynamics.

A. Nayal, D. J. Webb, C. M. Brown, E. M. Schaefer, M. Vicente-Manzanares, and A. R. Horwitz (2006)
J. Cell Biol. 173, 587-589
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

PTP-PEST Couples Membrane Protrusion and Tail Retraction via VAV2 and p190RhoGAP.

S. K. Sastry, Z. Rajfur, B. P. Liu, J.-F. Cote, M. L. Tremblay, and K. Burridge (2006)
J. Biol. Chem. 281, 11627-11636
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Kiss-and-Coat and Compartment Mixing: Coupling Exocytosis to Signal Generation and Local Actin Assembly.

A. M. Sokac and W. M. Bement (2006)
Mol. Biol. Cell 17, 1495-1502
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Neutrophil polarization: Spatiotemporal dynamics of RhoA activity support a self-organizing mechanism..

K. Wong, O. Pertz, K. Hahn, and H. Bourne (2006)
PNAS 103, 3639-3644
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Targeting and activation of Rac1 are mediated by the exchange factor {beta}-Pix.

J. P. ten Klooster, Z. M. Jaffer, J. Chernoff, and P. L. Hordijk (2006)
J. Cell Biol. 172, 759-769
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Role of Small GTPases in Endothelial Cytoskeletal Dynamics and the Shear Stress Response.

E. Tzima (2006)
Circ. Res. 98, 176-185
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Activation of Rac1 by RhoG regulates cell migration.

H. Katoh, K. Hiramoto, and M. Negishi (2006)
J. Cell Sci. 119, 56-65
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Imaging Signal Transduction in Living Cells with Fluorescent Proteins.

M. R. Philips (2005)
Sci. STKE 2005, tr28
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Rac1 Is Essential for Platelet Lamellipodia Formation and Aggregate Stability under Flow.

O. J. T. McCarty, M. K. Larson, J. M. Auger, N. Kalia, B. T. Atkinson, A. C. Pearce, S. Ruf, R. B. Henderson, V. L. J. Tybulewicz, L. M. Machesky, et al. (2005)
J. Biol. Chem. 280, 39474-39484
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

IQGAP1 Regulates Reactive Oxygen Species-Dependent Endothelial Cell Migration Through Interacting With Nox2.

S. Ikeda, M. Yamaoka-Tojo, L. Hilenski, N. A. Patrushev, G. M. Anwar, M. T. Quinn, and M. Ushio-Fukai (2005)
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 25, 2295-2300
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Spatial regulation of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase during chemotactic cell migration.

A. K. Howe, L. C. Baldor, and B. P. Hogan (2005)
PNAS 102, 14320-14325
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Localized RhoA Activation as a Requirement for the Induction of Membrane Ruffling.

K. Kurokawa and M. Matsuda (2005)
Mol. Biol. Cell 16, 4294-4303
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

A Rac switch regulates random versus directionally persistent cell migration.

R. Pankov, Y. Endo, S. Even-Ram, M. Araki, K. Clark, E. Cukierman, K. Matsumoto, and K. M. Yamada (2005)
J. Cell Biol. 170, 793-802
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Involvement of a Rac Activator, P-Rex1, in Neurotrophin-Derived Signaling and Neuronal Migration.

M. Yoshizawa, T. Kawauchi, M. Sone, Y. V. Nishimura, M. Terao, K. Chihama, Y.-i. Nabeshima, and M. Hoshino (2005)
J. Neurosci. 25, 4406-4419
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

FMRP interferes with the Rac1 pathway and controls actin cytoskeleton dynamics in murine fibroblasts.

M. Castets, C. Schaeffer, E. Bechara, A. Schenck, E. W. Khandjian, S. Luche, H. Moine, T. Rabilloud, J.-L. Mandel, and B. Bardoni (2005)
Hum. Mol. Genet. 14, 835-844
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Conservation of boundary extension mechanisms between plants and animals.

J. Mathur (2005)
J. Cell Biol. 168, 679-682
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Concentric zones of active RhoA and Cdc42 around single cell wounds.

H. A. Benink and W. M. Bement (2005)
J. Cell Biol. 168, 429-439
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

R-Ras Controls Membrane Protrusion and Cell Migration through the Spatial Regulation of Rac and Rho.

M. A. Wozniak, L. Kwong, D. Chodniewicz, R. L. Klemke, and P. J. Keely (2005)
Mol. Biol. Cell 16, 84-96
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Intracellular Mechanics of Migrating Fibroblasts.

T. P. Kole, Y. Tseng, I. Jiang, J. L. Katz, and D. Wirtz (2005)
Mol. Biol. Cell 16, 328-338
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

SWAP-70 Regulates c-kit-Induced Mast Cell Activation, Cell-Cell Adhesion, and Migration.

R. R. Sivalenka and R. Jessberger (2004)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 24, 10277-10288
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Syndecan-4 Regulates ATF-2 Transcriptional Activity in a Rac1-dependent Manner.

S. Saoncella, E. Calautti, W. Neveu, and P. F. Goetinck (2004)
J. Biol. Chem. 279, 47172-47176
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Coordinating cytoskeletal tracks to polarize cellular movements.

A. Kodama, T. Lechler, and E. Fuchs (2004)
J. Cell Biol. 167, 203-207
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Activation of Rac1 by Paxillin-Crk-DOCK180 Signaling Complex Is Antagonized by Rap1 in Migrating NBT-II Cells.

A. M. Valles, M. Beuvin, and B. Boyer (2004)
J. Biol. Chem. 279, 44490-44496
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

IQGAP1, a Novel Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor Binding Protein, Is Involved in Reactive Oxygen Species--Dependent Endothelial Migration and Proliferation.

M. Yamaoka-Tojo, M. Ushio-Fukai, L. Hilenski, S. I. Dikalov, Y. E. Chen, T. Tojo, T. Fukai, M. Fujimoto, N. A. Patrushev, N. Wang, et al. (2004)
Circ. Res. 95, 276-283
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Cdc42, Rac1, and Rac2 Display Distinct Patterns of Activation during Phagocytosis.

A. D. Hoppe and J. A. Swanson (2004)
Mol. Biol. Cell 15, 3509-3519
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Proximal, selective, and dynamic interactions between integrin {alpha}IIb{beta}3 and protein tyrosine kinases in living cells.

M. de Virgilio, W. B. Kiosses, and S. J. Shattil (2004)
J. Cell Biol. 165, 305-311
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Cdc42 and the Actin-Related Protein/Neural Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein Network Mediate Cellular Invasion by Cryptosporidium parvum.

X.-M. Chen, B. Q. Huang, P. L. Splinter, J. D. Orth, D. D. Billadeau, M. A. McNiven, and N. F. LaRusso (2004)
Infect. Immun. 72, 3011-3021
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Signaling in Leukocyte Transendothelial Migration.

J. D. van Buul and P. L. Hordijk (2004)
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 24, 824-833
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »

Stathmin-Tubulin Interaction Gradients in Motile and Mitotic Cells.

P. Niethammer, P. Bastiaens, and E. Karsenti (2004)
Science 303, 1862-1866
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Designing biosensors for Rho family proteins -- deciphering the dynamics of Rho family GTPase activation in living cells.

O. Pertz and K. M. Hahn (2004)
J. Cell Sci. 117, 1313-1318
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Spontaneous nucleotide exchange in low molecular weight GTPases by fluorescently labeled {gamma}-phosphate-linked GTP analogs.

J. Korlach, D. W. Baird, A. A. Heikal, K. R. Gee, G. R. Hoffman, and W. W. Webb (2004)
PNAS 101, 2800-2805
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »