Michael D. Litt,¹ Melanie Simpson,¹ Miklos Gaszner,¹ C. David Allis,² Gary Felsenfeld^1*

Methylation of histones at specific residues plays an important role in transcriptional regulation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation of dimethylated lysine 9 on histone H3 across 53 kilobases of the chicken -globin locus during erythropoiesis shows an almost complete anticorrelation between regions of elevated lysine 9 methylation and acetylation. Lysine 9 is methylated most over constitutive condensed chromatin and developmentally inactive globin genes. In contrast, lysine 4 methylation of histone H3 correlates with H3 acetylation. These results lead us to propose a mechanism by which the insulator in the -globin locus can protect the globin genes from being silenced by adjacent condensed chromatin.

¹ Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0540, USA.
² Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
^*   To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: gxf{at}vger.niddk.nih.gov

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L. E. van Vlerken, C. M. Kiefer, C. Morehouse, Y. Li, C. Groves, S. D. Wilson, Y. Yao, R. E. Hollingsworth, and E. M. Hurt (2013)
Stem Cells Trans Med 2, 43-52
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HISTONE DEACETYLASE19 Interacts with HSL1 and Participates in the Repression of Seed Maturation Genes in Arabidopsis Seedlings.

Y. Zhou, B. Tan, M. Luo, Y. Li, C. Liu, C. Chen, C.-W. Yu, S. Yang, S. Dong, J. Ruan, et al. (2013)
PLANT CELL 25, 134-148
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Stress-induced epigenetic transcriptional memory of acetylcholinesterase by HDAC4.

B. S. Sailaja, D. Cohen-Carmon, G. Zimmerman, H. Soreq, and E. Meshorer (2012)
PNAS 109, E3687-E3695
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G9a/GLP-dependent histone H3K9me2 patterning during human hematopoietic stem cell lineage commitment.

X. Chen, K. Skutt-Kakaria, J. Davison, Y.-L. Ou, E. Choi, P. Malik, K. Loeb, B. Wood, G. Georges, B. Torok-Storb, et al. (2012)
Genes & Dev. 26, 2499-2511
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The AT-hook Motif-containing Protein AHL22 Regulates Flowering Initiation by Modifying FLOWERING LOCUS T Chromatin in Arabidopsis.

J. Yun, Y.-S. Kim, J.-H. Jung, P. J. Seo, and C.-M. Park (2012)
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Nucleosome exclusion from the interspecies-conserved central AT-rich region of the Ars insulator.

H. Takagi, Y. Inai, S.-i. Watanabe, S. Tatemoto, M. Yajima, K. Akasaka, T. Yamamoto, and N. Sakamoto (2012)
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Distinct Ldb1/NLI complexes orchestrate {gamma}-globin repression and reactivation through ETO2 in human adult erythroid cells.

C. M. Kiefer, J. Lee, C. Hou, R. K. Dale, Y. T. Lee, E. R. Meier, J. L. Miller, and A. Dean (2011)
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Study of methyl transferase (G9aMT) and methylated histone (H3-K9) expressions in unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion (URSA) and normal early pregnancy.

N. Fatima, S. H. Ahmed, S. Salhan, S. M. F. Rehman, J. Kaur, M. Owais, and S. S. Chauhan (2011)
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Hypoxia-Induced Epigenetic Regulation and Silencing of the BRCA1 Promoter.

Y. Lu, A. Chu, M. S. Turker, and P. M. Glazer (2011)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 31, 3339-3350
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Chromatin boundaries require functional collaboration between the hSET1 and NURF complexes.

X. Li, S. Wang, Y. Li, C. Deng, L. A. Steiner, H. Xiao, C. Wu, J. Bungert, P. G. Gallagher, G. Felsenfeld, et al. (2011)
Blood 118, 1386-1394
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Mechanism of Chromosomal Boundary Action: Roadblock, Sink, or Loop?.

D. Gohl, T. Aoki, J. Blanton, G. Shanower, G. Kappes, and P. Schedl (2011)
Genetics 187, 731-748
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Confining euchromatin/heterochromatin territory: jumonji crosses the line.

H. Tamaru (2010)
Genes & Dev. 24, 1465-1478
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PU.1 Positively Regulates GATA-1 Expression in Mast Cells.

C. M. Takemoto, S. Brandal, A. G. Jegga, Y. N. Lee, A. Shahlaee, Y. Ying, R. DeKoter, and M. A. McDevitt (2010)
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Y. Goto and H. Kimura (2009)
Nucleic Acids Res. 37, 7416-7428
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On the Mechanism of Multiple Lysine Methylation by the Human Mixed Lineage Leukemia Protein-1 (MLL1) Core Complex.

A. Patel, V. Dharmarajan, V. E. Vought, and M. S. Cosgrove (2009)
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Boundaries in vertebrate genomes: different solutions to adequately insulate gene expression domains.

E. Molto, A. Fernandez, and L. Montoliu (2009)
Briefings in Functional Genomics 8, 283-296
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Large-scale chromatin structure of inducible genes: transcription on a condensed, linear template.

Y. Hu, I. Kireev, M. Plutz, N. Ashourian, and A. S. Belmont (2009)
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An insulator with barrier-element activity promotes {alpha}-spectrin gene expression in erythroid cells.

P. G. Gallagher, D. G. Nilson, L. A. Steiner, Y. D. Maksimova, J. Y. Lin, and D. M. Bodine (2009)
Blood 113, 1547-1554
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Epigenetics, Development, and the Kidney.

G. R. Dressler (2008)
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Lymphoid-affiliated genes are associated with active histone modifications in human hematopoietic stem cells.

J. Maes, M. Maleszewska, C. Guillemin, F. Pflumio, E. Six, I. Andre-Schmutz, M. Cavazzana-Calvo, D. Charron, C. Francastel, and M. Goodhardt (2008)
Blood 112, 2722-2729
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The role of transcriptional activator GATA-1 at human {beta}-globin HS2.

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Nucleic Acids Res. 36, 4521-4528
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Dynamics and interplay of nuclear architecture, genome organization, and gene expression.

R. Schneider and R. Grosschedl (2007)
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Histone acetylation at the human {beta}-globin locus changes with developmental age.

W. Yin, G. Barkess, X. Fang, P. Xiang, H. Cao, G. Stamatoyannopoulos, and Q. Li (2007)
Blood 110, 4101-4107
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USF1 Recruits Histone Modification Complexes and Is Critical for Maintenance of a Chromatin Barrier.

S. Huang, X. Li, T. M. Yusufzai, Y. Qiu, and G. Felsenfeld (2007)
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Nucleosome and transcription activator antagonism at human {beta}-globin locus control region DNase I hypersensitive sites.

A. Kim, S.-h. Song, M. Brand, and A. Dean (2007)
Nucleic Acids Res. 35, 5831-5838
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Epigenetic Activation of the Human Growth Hormone Gene Cluster during Placental Cytotrophoblast Differentiation.

A. P. Kimura, D. Sizova, S. Handwerger, N. E. Cooke, and S. A. Liebhaber (2007)
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Gata1 regulates dendritic-cell development and survival.

L. Gutierrez, T. Nikolic, T. B. van Dijk, H. Hammad, N. Vos, M. Willart, F. Grosveld, S. Philipsen, and B. N. Lambrecht (2007)
Blood 110, 1933-1941
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The Fission Yeast Jmj2 Reverses Histone H3 Lysine 4 Trimethylation.

M. Huarte, F. Lan, T. Kim, M. W. Vaughn, M. Zaratiegui, R. A. Martienssen, S. Buratowski, and Y. Shi (2007)
J. Biol. Chem. 282, 21662-21670
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The Clr4 methyltransferase determines the subnuclear localization of the mating-type region in fission yeast.

J. Alfredsson-Timmins, F. Henningson, and P. Bjerling (2007)
J. Cell Sci. 120, 1935-1943
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HULC, a Histone H2B Ubiquitinating Complex, Modulates Heterochromatin Independent of Histone Methylation in Fission Yeast.

M. Zofall and S. I. S. Grewal (2007)
J. Biol. Chem. 282, 14065-14072
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Genome-wide Analysis of Histone Lysine Methylation Variations Caused by Diabetic Conditions in Human Monocytes.

F. Miao, X. Wu, L. Zhang, Y.-C. Yuan, A. D. Riggs, and R. Natarajan (2007)
J. Biol. Chem. 282, 13854-13863
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A Transcription-dependent Micrococcal Nuclease-resistant Fragment of the Urokinase-type Plasminogen Activator Promoter Interacts with the Enhancer.

C. Ferrai, D. Munari, P. Luraghi, L. Pecciarini, M. G. Cangi, C. Doglioni, F. Blasi, and M. P. Crippa (2007)
J. Biol. Chem. 282, 12537-12546
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Nucleolin Regulates Gene Expression in CD34-positive Hematopoietic Cells.

E. Grinstein, Y. Du, S. Santourlidis, J. Christ, M. Uhrberg, and P. Wernet (2007)
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{beta}-Globin Intergenic Transcription and Histone Acetylation Dependent on an Enhancer.

A. Kim, H. Zhao, I. Ifrim, and A. Dean (2007)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 27, 2980-2986
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DNA Methylation Dictates Histone H3K4 Methylation.

C. Y. Okitsu and C.-L. Hsieh (2007)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 27, 2746-2757
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DNA methylation immediately adjacent to active histone marking does not silence transcription.

A. B. Brinkman, S. W. C. Pennings, G. G. Braliou, L. E. G. Rietveld, and H. G. Stunnenberg (2007)
Nucleic Acids Res. 35, 801-811
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Distinctive Signatures of Histone Methylation in Transcribed Coding and Noncoding Human {beta}-Globin Sequences.

A. Kim, C. M. Kiefer, and A. Dean (2007)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 27, 1271-1279
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Epigenetic Regulation of Tumor Endothelial Cell Anergy: Silencing of Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 by Histone Modifications..

D. M.E.I. Hellebrekers, K. Castermans, E. Vire, R. P.M. Dings, N. T.H. Hoebers, K. H. Mayo, M. G.A. oude Egbrink, G. Molema, F. Fuks, M. van Engeland, et al. (2006)
Cancer Res. 66, 10770-10777
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The Drosophila G9a gene encodes a multi-catalytic histone methyltransferase required for normal development.

M. Stabell, R. Eskeland, M. Bjorkmo, J. Larsson, R. B. Aalen, A. Imhof, and A. Lambertsson (2006)
Nucleic Acids Res. 34, 4609-4621
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Histone H3 Acetylation and H3 K4 Methylation Define Distinct Chromatin Regions Permissive for Transgene Expression.

C. Yan and D. D. Boyd (2006)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 26, 6357-6371
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Plakoglobin is differentially expressed in alveolar and embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma and is regulated by DNA methylation and histone acetylation.

T. Gastaldi, P. Bonvini, F. Sartori, A. Marrone, A. Iolascon, and A. Rosolen (2006)
Carcinogenesis 27, 1758-1767
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Activation of the chicken Ig-{beta} locus by the collaboration of scattered regulatory regions through changes in chromatin structure.

N. Shimada, H. Matsudo, K. Osano, H. Arakawa, J.-M. Buerstedde, Y. Matsumoto, K. Chayahara, A. Torihata, and M. Ono (2006)
Nucleic Acids Res. 34, 3794-3802
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Functional Analysis of H2B-Lys-123 Ubiquitination in Regulation of H3-Lys-4 Methylation and Recruitment of RNA Polymerase II at the Coding Sequences of Several Active Genes in Vivo.

A. Shukla, N. Stanojevic, Z. Duan, T. Shadle, and S. R. Bhaumik (2006)
J. Biol. Chem. 281, 19045-19054
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The Drosophila Boundary Element-Associated Factors BEAF-32A and BEAF-32B Affect Chromatin Structure.

M. K. Gilbert, Y. Y. Tan, and C. M. Hart (2006)
Genetics 173, 1365-1375
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Histone H3 Lysine 4 Dimethylation Signals the Transcriptional Competence of the Adiponectin Promoter in Preadipocytes.

M. M. Musri, H. Corominola, R. Casamitjana, R. Gomis, and M. Parrizas (2006)
J. Biol. Chem. 281, 17180-17188
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Trimethylation of Histone H3 Lysine 4 by Set1 in the Lytic Infection of Human Herpes Simplex Virus 1.

J. Huang, J. R. Kent, B. Placek, K. A. Whelan, C. M. Hollow, P.-Y. Zeng, N. W. Fraser, and S. L. Berger (2006)
J. Virol. 80, 5740-5746
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Methylation-independent Binding to Histone H3 and Cell Cycle-dependent Incorporation of HP1beta into Heterochromatin.

G. K. Dialynas, D. Makatsori, N. Kourmouli, P. A. Theodoropoulos, K. McLean, S. Terjung, P. B. Singh, and S. D. Georgatos (2006)
J. Biol. Chem. 281, 14350-14360
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Ubp8p, a Histone Deubiquitinase Whose Association with SAGA Is Mediated by Sgf11p, Differentially Regulates Lysine 4 Methylation of Histone H3 In Vivo.

A. Shukla, N. Stanojevic, Z. Duan, P. Sen, and S. R. Bhaumik (2006)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 26, 3339-3352
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Multiple epigenetic maintenance factors implicated by the loss of Mll2 in mouse development.

S. Glaser, J. Schaft, S. Lubitz, K. Vintersten, F. van der Hoeven, K. R. Tufteland, R. Aasland, K. Anastassiadis, S.-L. Ang, and A. F. Stewart (2006)
Development 133, 1423-1432
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Ars insulator identified in sea urchin possesses an activity to ensure the transgene expression in mouse cells..

S. Tajima, K. Shinohara, M. Fukumoto, R. Zaitsu, J. Miyagawa, S. Hino, J. Fan, K. Akasaka, and M. Matsuoka (2006)
J. Biochem. 139, 705-714
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Dynamic Changes in Histone H3 Lysine 9 Methylations: IDENTIFICATION OF A MITOSIS-SPECIFIC FUNCTION FOR DYNAMIC METHYLATION IN CHROMOSOME CONGRESSION AND SEGREGATION.

K. J. McManus, V. L. Biron, R. Heit, D. A. Underhill, and M. J. Hendzel (2006)
J. Biol. Chem. 281, 8888-8897
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Histone H3 Lysine 9 Methyltransferase G9a Is a Transcriptional Coactivator for Nuclear Receptors.

D. Y. Lee, J. P. Northrop, M.-H. Kuo, and M. R. Stallcup (2006)
J. Biol. Chem. 281, 8476-8485
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Repression of human {gamma}-globin gene expression by a short isoform of the NF-E4 protein is associated with loss of NF-E2 and RNA polymerase II recruitment to the promoter.

Q. Zhao, W. Zhou, G. Rank, R. Sutton, X. Wang, H. Cumming, L. Cerruti, J. M. Cunningham, and S. M. Jane (2006)
Blood 107, 2138-2145
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Distribution of histone H3.3 in hematopoietic cell lineages.

C. Jin and G. Felsenfeld (2006)
PNAS 103, 574-579
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Regulation of human fetal hemoglobin: new players, new complexities.

A. Bank (2006)
Blood 107, 435-443
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Ordered Histone Modifications Are Associated with Transcriptional Poising and Activation of the phaseolin Promoter.

D. W-K. Ng, M. B. Chandrasekharan, and T. C. Hall (2006)
PLANT CELL 18, 119-132
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Nuclear levels and patterns of histone H3 modification and HP1 proteins after inhibition of histone deacetylases.

E. Bartova, J. Pachernik, A. Harnicarova, A. Kovarik, M. Kovarikova, J. Hofmanova, M. Skalnikova, M. Kozubek, and S. Kozubek (2005)
J. Cell Sci. 118, 5035-5046
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Herpesviral latency-associated transcript gene promotes assembly of heterochromatin on viral lytic-gene promoters in latent infection.

Q.-Y. Wang, C. Zhou, K. E. Johnson, R. C. Colgrove, D. M. Coen, and D. M. Knipe (2005)
PNAS 102, 16055-16059
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Apical role for BRG1 in cytokine-induced promoter assembly.

Z. Ni, E. Karaskov, T. Yu, S. M. Callaghan, S. Der, D. S. Park, Z. Xu, S. G. Pattenden, and R. Bremner (2005)
PNAS 102, 14611-14616
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The replacement histone H2A.Z in a hyperacetylated form is a feature of active genes in the chicken.

K. Bruce, F. A. Myers, E. Mantouvalou, P. Lefevre, I. Greaves, C. Bonifer, D. J. Tremethick, A. W. Thorne, and C. Crane-Robinson (2005)
Nucleic Acids Res. 33, 5633-5639
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Lack of Telomerase Gene Expression in Alternative Lengthening of Telomere Cells Is Associated with Chromatin Remodeling of the hTR and hTERT Gene Promoters.

S. P. Atkinson, S. F. Hoare, R. M. Glasspool, and W. N. Keith (2005)
Cancer Res. 65, 7585-7590
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Methylation of histone H4 by arginine methyltransferase PRMT1 is essential in vivo for many subsequent histone modifications.

S. Huang, M. Litt, and G. Felsenfeld (2005)
Genes & Dev. 19, 1885-1893
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Histone H3 K36 Methylation Is Associated with Transcription Elongation in Schizosaccharomyces pombe.

S. A. Morris, Y. Shibata, K.-i. Noma, Y. Tsukamoto, E. Warren, B. Temple, S. I. S. Grewal, and B. D. Strahl (2005)
Eukaryot. Cell 4, 1446-1454
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Differentiation-dependent Alterations in Histone Methylation and Chromatin Architecture at the Inducible Chicken Lysozyme Gene.

P. Lefevre, C. Lacroix, H. Tagoh, M. Hoogenkamp, S. Melnik, R. Ingram, and C. Bonifer (2005)
J. Biol. Chem. 280, 27552-27560
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The Expression of Endothelial Nitric-oxide Synthase Is Controlled by a Cell-specific Histone Code.

J. E. Fish, C. C. Matouk, A. Rachlis, S. Lin, S. C. Tai, C. D'Abreo, and P. A. Marsden (2005)
J. Biol. Chem. 280, 24824-24838
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Targeted Deletion of the Chicken {beta}-Globin Regulatory Elements Reveals a Cooperative Gene Silencing Activity.

J. Wang, H. Liu, C. M. Lin, M. I. Aladjem, and E. M. Epner (2005)
J. Biol. Chem. 280, 23340-23348
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The circuitry of a master switch: Myod and the regulation of skeletal muscle gene transcription.

S. J. Tapscott (2005)
Development 132, 2685-2695
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Hyperacetylated Chromatin Domains: Lessons from Heterochromatin.

M. Bulger (2005)
J. Biol. Chem. 280, 21689-21692
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Cell-type-specific epigenetic marking of the IL2 gene at a distal cis-regulatory region in competent, nontranscribing T-cells.

S. Adachi and E. V. Rothenberg (2005)
Nucleic Acids Res. 33, 3200-3210
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Mapping Global Histone Methylation Patterns in the Coding Regions of Human Genes.

F. Miao and R. Natarajan (2005)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 25, 4650-4661
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Differential Subnuclear Localization and Replication Timing of Histone H3 Lysine 9 Methylation States.

R. Wu, A. V. Terry, P. B. Singh, and D. M. Gilbert (2005)
Mol. Biol. Cell 16, 2872-2881
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MAP kinase-mediated phosphorylation of distinct pools of histone H3 at S10 or S28 via mitogen- and stress-activated kinase 1/2.

M. H. Dyson, S. Thomson, M. Inagaki, H. Goto, S. J. Arthur, K. Nightingale, F. J. Iborra, and L. C. Mahadevan (2005)
J. Cell Sci. 118, 2247-2259
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Discovery of Epigenetically Masked Tumor Suppressor Genes in Endometrial Cancer.

N. Takai, N. Kawamata, C. S. Walsh, S. Gery, J. C. Desmond, S. Whittaker, J. W. Said, L. M. Popoviciu, P. A. Jones, I. Miyakawa, et al. (2005)
Mol. Cancer Res. 3, 261-269
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Inducible Covalent Posttranslational Modification of Histone H3.

A. M. Bode and Z. Dong (2005)
Sci. STKE 2005, re4
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Remote control of gene transcription.

A. G. West and P. Fraser (2005)
Hum. Mol. Genet. 14, R101-R111
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SATB1 family protein expressed during early erythroid differentiation modifies globin gene expression.

J. Wen, S. Huang, H. Rogers, L. A. Dickinson, T. Kohwi-Shigematsu, and C. T. Noguchi (2005)
Blood 105, 3330-3339
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Role of Protein Methylation in Regulation of Transcription.

D. Y. Lee, C. Teyssier, B. D. Strahl, and M. R. Stallcup (2005)
Endocr. Rev. 26, 147-170
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Tal1/SCL Binding to Pericentromeric DNA Represses Transcription.

J. Wen, S. Huang, S. D. Pack, X. Yu, S. J. Brandt, and C. T. Noguchi (2005)
J. Biol. Chem. 280, 12956-12966
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Formation of an Active Tissue-Specific Chromatin Domain Initiated by Epigenetic Marking at the Embryonic Stem Cell Stage.

H. Szutorisz, C. Canzonetta, A. Georgiou, C.-M. Chow, L. Tora, and N. Dillon (2005)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 25, 1804-1820
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Epigenetic Regulation by Histone Methylation and Histone Variants.

P. Cheung and P. Lau (2005)
Mol. Endocrinol. 19, 563-573
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The Essential Role of Histone H3 Lys9 Di-Methylation and MeCP2 Binding in MGMT Silencing with Poor DNA Methylation of the Promoter CpG Island.

W. Zhao, H. Soejima, K. Higashimoto, T. Nakagawachi, T. Urano, S. Kudo, S. Matsukura, S. Matsuo, K. Joh, and T. Mukai (2005)
J. Biochem. 137, 431-440
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Molecular Determinants of NOTCH4 Transcription in Vascular Endothelium.

J. Wu, F. Iwata, J. A. Grass, C. S. Osborne, L. Elnitski, P. Fraser, O. Ohneda, M. Yamamoto, and E. H. Bresnick (2005)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 25, 1458-1474
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Chromatin Architecture near a Potential 3' End of the Igh Locus Involves Modular Regulation of Histone Modifications during B-Cell Development and In Vivo Occupancy at CTCF Sites.

F. E. Garrett, A. V. Emelyanov, M. A. Sepulveda, P. Flanagan, S. Volpi, F. Li, D. Loukinov, L. A. Eckhardt, V. V. Lobanenkov, and B. K. Birshtein (2005)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 25, 1511-1525
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Onset and inheritance of abnormal epigenetic regulation in hematopoietic cells.

S. Bottardi, V. Bourgoin, N. Pierre-Charles, and E. Milot (2005)
Hum. Mol. Genet. 14, 493-502
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Chromatin remodeling and histone modification in the conversion of oligodendrocyte precursors to neural stem cells.

T. Kondo and M. Raff (2004)
Genes & Dev. 18, 2963-2972
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Semirandom Sampling to Detect Differentiation-Related and Age-Related Epigenome Remodeling.

V. R. Russanova, T. H. Hirai, and B. H. Howard (2004)
J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 59, 1221-1233
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Mapping Development-Related and Age-Related Chromatin Remodeling by a High Throughput ChIP-HPLC Approach.

V. R. Russanova, T. H. Hirai, A. V. Tchernov, and B. H. Howard (2004)
J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 59, 1234-1243
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Dynamic histone modifications mark sex chromosome inactivation and reactivation during mammalian spermatogenesis.

A. M. Khalil, F. Z. Boyar, and D. J. Driscoll (2004)
PNAS 101, 16583-16587
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Coregulator Recruitment and Histone Modifications in Transcriptional Regulation by the Androgen Receptor.

Z. Kang, O. A. Janne, and J. J. Palvimo (2004)
Mol. Endocrinol. 18, 2633-2648
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Promoter-restricted histone code, not the differentially methylated DNA regions or antisense transcripts, marks the imprinting status of IGF2R in human and mouse.

T. H. Vu, T. Li, and A. R. Hoffman (2004)
Hum. Mol. Genet. 13, 2233-2245
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Highly specific interactions between bHLH transcription factors and chromatin during retina development.

D. Skowronska-Krawczyk, M. Ballivet, B. D. Dynlacht, and J.-M. Matter (2004)
Development 131, 4447-4454
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

A novel type of silencing factor, Clr2, is necessary for transcriptional silencing at various chromosomal locations in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe.

P. Bjerling, K. Ekwall, R. Egel, and G. Thon (2004)
Nucleic Acids Res. 32, 4421-4428
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A Histone Methyltransferase Is Required for Maximal Response to Female Sex Hormones.

T. Carling, K.-C. Kim, X.-H. Yang, J. Gu, X.-K. Zhang, and S. Huang (2004)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 24, 7032-7042
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Identification of the Drosophila interband-specific protein Z4 as a DNA-binding zinc-finger protein determining chromosomal structure.

H. Eggert, A. Gortchakov, and H. Saumweber (2004)
J. Cell Sci. 117, 4253-4264
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Mechanisms of HP1-mediated gene silencing in Drosophila.

J. R. Danzer and L. L. Wallrath (2004)
Development 131, 3571-3580
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »