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For patients with leukemia that is refractory to chemotherapy, bone marrow or stem cell transplantation is often the only hope. In his Perspective, Kärre discusses important new findings (Ruggeri et al.) revealing that a favorable mismatch in HLA molecules between donor and recipient tissues enables natural killer cells in the graft to reduce host rejection of the transplant while promoting attack of residual leukemia cells, thus increasing the likelihood that the transplant will succeed.
The author is at the Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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