Glossary: A

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A

A1:

an antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family member

AA:

stands for arachidonic acid; a lipid signaling molecule

AAPK:

stands for abscisic acid (ABA)-activated protein kinase; a protein kinase involved in plant signaling

ABA:

stands for abscisic acid; a plant hormone

Abeta:

stands for amyloid β protein (Aβ); a protein implicated in Alzheimer's disease

ABP:

stands for -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-proprionate (AMPA)-binding protein

ACA:

stands for the Dictyocelium discoidium protein adenylyl cyclase for aggregation; an enzyme that synthesizes cAMP; Connections Map Component -- Adenylyl cyclase

ACC:

stands for 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid; a precursor in the biosynthesis of the plant hormone ethylene; Connections Map Component -- Jasmonic acid / 1-amino-1-cyclopropane carboxylic acid

ACh:

stands for acetylcholine; a neurotransmitter

AChR:

stands for acetylcholine receptor; a family of plasma membrane receptors, which can be ligand-gated ion channels or G protein-coupled receptors, that bind acetylcholine; Connections Map Component -- Muscarinic type 2 acetylcholine receptor

ACO:

stands for ACC oxidase; the enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) to the plant hormone ethylene

AcPL:

stands for accessory protein-like; a member of the interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor family of Toll-like receptors (TLRs)

ACRP30:

also known as adiponectin and adipoQ; an adipocyte factor that has insulin-sensitizing effects

Act1:

an adaptor protein involved in activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), also known as CIKS [connection to inhibitor of κB kinase (IKK) and stress-activated protein kinase or Jun N-terminal kinase (SAPK/JNK)]

ACTH:

stands for adrenocorticotropic hormone; hormone synthesized by the anterior pituitary that stimulates the adrenal cortex

ActRIB:

stands for activin receptor 1B, also known as ALK4; a member of the type I transforming growth factor-β receptor family; Connections Map Component -- Activin-like kinase 4

ActRIIA:

stands for activin receptor IIA, also known as ActRII; a member of the type II transforming growth factor-β receptor family; Connections Map Component -- Activin receptor type IIA and IIB

ActRIIB:

stands for activin receptor IIB and is a member of the type II transforming growth factor-β receptor family; Connections Map Component -- Activin receptor type IIA and IIB

ACVR:

stands for activin receptors; other names for members of this family of receptor include ActRIIA and ActRIIB; Connections Map Component -- Activin receptor type IIA and IIB

ADAM:

stands for a disintegrin and metalloprotease; family of membrane-anchored metalloproteases

ADAP:

stands for adhesion- and degranulation-promoting adaptor protein; also known as Fyn binding protein (FYB) or Slp-76-associated protein of 130 kilodaltons (SLAP-130); an adaptor

ADAR:

stands for adenosine deaminases that act on RNA; enzymes of this family convert adenosine to inosine

ADO:

stands for adenosine

AdoMet:

stands for S-adenosyl-L-methionine; a methyl donor

AE1:

stands for anion exchange protein 1

AER:

stands for apical ectodermal ridge

AHL:

stands for N-acylhomoserine lactone; signaling molecules involved in bacterial quorum sensing

AhR:

stands for aryl hydrocarbon receptor; a receptor for endogenous fatty acids, as well as environmental fat-soluble toxins, such as dioxins, which serves as both a transcriptional regulator and an E3 ubiquitin ligase substrate adaptor

AIP1:

stands for actin interacting protein 1; an actin depolymerizing protein

AITR:

stands for activation-inducible tumor necrosis factor receptor

AKAP:

stands for protein kinase A (PKA)-anchoring protein; a molecular scaffold

Akt:

also known as protein kinase B (PKB); a serine-threonine protein kinase; Connections Map Component -- Akt (protein kinase B)

ALK:

stands for activin-like kinase; Connections Map Components -- Activin-like kinase 5 (or TGF-bRI) | Activin-like kinase 4 | Activin like kinase type 1 | Activin like kinase 2 | Activin-like kinase 7 | Activin-like kinase 3 | Activin like kinase 6

alphaLbeta2:

Lβ2, also known as LFA-1, which stands for lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1; an integrin; Connections Map Component -- Integrins

AMCA:

stands for aminomethylcoumarin

AMPA:

stands for -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate or -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid; a class of glutamate receptors are named for their ability to bind this chemical, so-called AMPA receptors

AMPK:

stands for adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase; a key regulator of metabolism; Connections Map Component -- AMP-activated kinase

ANF:

stands for atrial natriuretic factor; a hormone involved in cardiovascular homeostasis and renal function; Connections Map Component -- Atrial natriuretic factor

AP:

stands for action potential; a conducted nerve impulse

AP1:

stands for (1) activating protein 1; a transcription factor; (2) stands for apetala 1, the APETALA 1 gene encodes a transcription factor involved in specifying floral meristem identity; Connections Map Component -- Activator protein 1

APAF-1:

stands for apoptotic protease activating factor-1; oligomerization with cytochrome c and caspase-9 is a key step in apoptosis; Connections Map Component -- Apoptotic protease activating factor 1

APC:

(1) stands for antigen-presenting cell; class of cells that present antigen to and activate T cells, includes dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells; (2) stands for adenomatous polyposis coli; represents the APC gene, which is frequently mutated in human cancers, especially of the colon, or the product of the gene, APC protein, a molecular scaffold; (3) stands for anaphase promoting complex, which is also known as the cyclosome (APC/C); a ubiquitin E3 ligase involved in cell cycle regulation; Connections Map Component -- Adenomatous polyposis coli

APL:

stands for acute promyelocytic leukemia

APP:

stands for amyloid β protein precursor; a protein that when cleaved can produce Aβ, which is implicated in Alzheimer's disease; Connections Map Component -- Presenilin 1

APS:

stands for adaptor protein with a pleckstrin homology domain and a Src-homology 2 domain; Connections Map Component -- APS

APT:

stands for acyl-protein thioesterases

ARF:

stands for adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribosylation factor; also known as Arf; the subfamily, within the Ras superfamily of guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases), that are involved in vesicular trafficking; Connections Map Components -- ARF exchange factor | ADP ribosylation factor | Arf-GAP containing SH3 domain,ankyrin repeats,and PH domain

ARNT:

stands for aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) nuclear translocator protein; interacts with aryl hydrocarbon receptors to regulate transcription and E3 ubiquitin ligase substrate selection

Asef:

a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for Rac, also known as ARHGEF4

ASK1:

stands for apoptosis-stimulated kinase 1; also known as MAPKKK5 and Ask1; a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase, a serine-threonine protein kinase; Connections Map Components -- Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 5 | Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases

ATF:

stands for activating transcription factor; a family of leucine zipper transcription factors; Connections Map Components -- ATF1 | ATF2

ATF1:

stands for activating transcription factor 1; a specific member of the ATF family of transcription factors; Connections Map Component -- ATF1

ATP:

stands for adenosine triphosphate

ATPase:

stands for adenosine triphosphatase; a protein that cleaves adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

AVG:

stands for aminoethoxyvinylglycine; an inhibitor of ethylene biosynthesis

AVP:

stands for arginine vasopressin, also known as vasopressin; (1) a hormone involved in water homeostasis and blood pressure regulation; (2) a neurotransmitter involved in circadian rhythm signaling; Connections Map Component -- Vasopressin

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