Glossary: S

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S

S1P:

(1) stands for site-1 protease; protease implicated in juxtamembraneous protolysis; (2) stands for sphingosine-1-phosphate, product of sphingosine kinase phosphorylation of sphingosine, acts through G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)

S2P:

stands for site-2 protease; protease implicated in intramembraneous proteolysis

SAHF:

stands for senescence-associated heterochromatin foci, specialized domains of heterochromatin that are thought to repress transcription of genes that promote proliferation

SAM:

stands for S-adenosylmethionine; a methyl donor

SAM38:

stands for Src-associated in mitosis 68; RNA binding protein that binds to the SH3 domain of Src

SAP97:

stands for synapse-associated protein 97; PDZ domain-containing scaffolding protein

SAPK:

stands for stress-activated protein kinase; also known as p38; a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) that is regulated by stress and by cytokines; Connections Map Components -- p38alpha mitogen-activated protein kinase | p38delta mitogen-activated protein kinase | p38gamma mitogen-activated protein kinase | p38beta mitogen-activated protein kinase | p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase

SARA:

stands for Smad anchor for receptor activation; membrane-associated FYVE domain-containing protein that recruits Smads to receptors; Connections Map Component -- Smad anchor for receptor activation

Sca-1:

stands for stem cell antigen-1

SCF:

(1) stands for stem cell factor; growth factor that acts as a ligand for the receptor tyrosine kinase c-kit; (2) stands for Skp-cullin-F-box; ubiquitin E3 ligase, a protein complex implicated in ubiquitination; Connections Map Component -- SCF COI1 / CSN

SCN:

stands for suprachiasmatic nucleus; region of the hypothalamus that is the site of the mammalian master circadian clock

SDF-1:

stands for stromal cell-derived factor 1; a chemokine that acts a chemoattractant for leukocytes and some neurons

SDS-PAGE:

stands for sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; method for electrophoretic separation of proteins on the basis of size

SEAP:

stands for soluble ectodomain alkaline phosphatase assay; method for localizing ectodomain-binding sites in cells and tissues

SEFIR:

a protein domain named for SEFs [similar expression to fibroblast growth factor (FGF) genes] and interleukin 17 (IL-17) receptor

SEK:

stands for stress-activated protein kinase kinase; also known as mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4 (MKK4), c-Jun N-terminal kinase kinase 1(JNKK1), or extracellular signal regulated kinase kinase (ERK kinase); a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAPKK); Connections Map Components -- Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase | Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4 | c-Jun N-terminal kinase kinases

Ser-Thr:

stands for serine-threonine; amino acids subject to phosphorylation by serine-threonine kinases

SERM:

stands for selective estrogen receptor modulator; drugs such as tamoxifen that interact with estrogen receptors and have estrogenic effects in some tissues and antiestrogenic effects in others

serpin:

stands for serine protease inhibitor; a family of proteins, most of which act to inhibit proteases such as trypsin and thrombin

SFRP:

stands for secreted frizzled-related protein, an antagonist of Wnt; Connections Map Component -- Frizzled-related protein

sGC:

stands for soluble guanylate cyclase, a cytosolic isoform of the enzymes that produce the second messenger cGMP

Sgg:

stands for Shaggy; the Drosophila homolog of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3), also known as zeste-white 3 (Zw3); Connections Map Component -- Zeste-white-3

SH2:

stands for Src-homology 2 domain

SH2-B:

a family of adaptor proteins that contain SH2 and PH domains

SH3:

stands for Src-homology 3 domain; protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich peptide regions

SHC:

an adaptor protein involved in oncogenesis that contains both an Src homology 2 (SH2) domain and a phosphotyrosine-binding (PTB) domain; Connections Map Component -- Shc

Shh:

stands for sonic hedgehog; a member of the Hedgehog family of morphogens, posttranslational addition of cholesterol or fatty acids influences activity; Connections Map Component -- Sonic hedgehog

SHIP:

stands for Srch homology 2 (SH2) domain-containing inositol phosphatase; family of phosphatases that contain SH2 domains; Connections Map Component -- SH2-containing Inositide phosphatase

Shp2:

stands for SH2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase; Connections Map Component -- Src homology-2 domain-containing protein-tyrosine phosphatase

shRNA:

stands for short (or small) hairpin RNA; one type of RNAs that inhibit gene expression by interfering with mRNA stability or translation

SIGIRR:

stands for single immunoglobulin (Ig) interleukin 1 receptor (IL-1R)-related molecule; member of the interleukin-1 receptor/Toll-like receptor (IL-R1/TLR) superfamily

SILAC:

stands for stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture; a proteomic strategy that can be used to elucidate functional protein-protein interactions

SIP:

stands for Smad-interacting protein; a two-handed zinc finger, homeodomain transcriptional repressor that interacts with Smad

SIPK:

stands for salicylic acid-induced protein kinase; a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) that is a component of the salicylic acid signaling pathway involved in host defense in plants

siRNA:

stands for small interfering RNA, short interfering RNA, or silencing RNA; noncoding RNAs of ~20 nucleotides that inhibit gene expression by blocking translation or by stimulating degradation of the mRNA

SKAP55:

stands for Src-kinase associated protein of 55 kD; an adaptor protein found in lymphocytes

SLAP-130:

stands for SLP-76-associated protein of 130 kD; also known as adhesion- and degranulation-promoting adaptor protein (ADAP), or Fyn binding protein (FYB); an adaptor protein implicated in T cell receptor signaling

SLP-76:

stands for SH2 domain-containing leukocyte phosphoprotein of 76 kDa; an adaptor protein found in various leukocytes; Connections Map Component -- SH2 domain containing leukocyte phosphoprotein of 76 kDa

SMAC:

(1) stands for supramolecular activation cluster; region of the immunological synapse; (2) stands for second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase; also known as Diablo; an apoptosis-promoting protein released from mitochondria; Connections Map Component -- Second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase

Smad:

family of transcription factors that relay signals from transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) receptors to the cell nucleus; Connections Map Components -- Smad4 | Smad2 | Smad3 | R-Smad | Smad target genes | Inhibitory-Smad | R-Smad/Smad4 complex

Smo:

stands for Smoothened; a seven-transmembrane protein involved in Hedgehog signaling; Connections Map Component -- Smoothened

SNARE:

stands for soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors, which are proteins involved in mediating intracellular membrane fusion; v-SNAREs stands for vesicle SNAREs and t-SNAREs stands for target membrane SNAREs

snoRNA:

stands for small nucleolar RNA; noncoding RNA involved in RNA splicing and processing

SnPPIX:

stands for tin protoporphyrin IX; a metalloporphyrin that inhibits signaling by carbon monoxide (CO) by inhibition of heme oxygenase activity

snRNA:

stands for small nuclear RNA

SOCS:

stands for suppressor of cytokine signaling; also known as SSI; a family of proteins that attenuate signaling from cytokine receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases; Connections Map Component -- Suppressor of cytokine signaling

SOD:

stands for superoxide dismutase; an antioxidant enzyme

SODD:

stands for silencer of death domains; a protein that prevents spontaneous signaling from the tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNF-R1); Connections Map Component -- Silencer of death domain

SOS:

stands for son of sevenless; a guanine nucleotide exchange factor that activates Ras and Rac; Connections Map Component -- Son of sevenless

SPAK:

stands for STE20/SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase

SPP:

stands for signal peptide peptidase; an intramembrane-cleaving protease

SRA:

stands for steroid receptor RNA activator; a noncoding RNA that serves as a coactivator of steroid receptors; Connections Map Component -- Steroid receptor RNA activator

Src:

family of nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinases; Connections Map Components -- c-Src | Viral Src

SRE:

stands for serum-responsive element; DNA consensus sequence that serves as a target for serum response factor (SRF); Connections Map Component -- Serum response element

SREBP:

stands for sterol regulatory element-binding protein; a family of transcription factors that act to regulate lipogenic genes

SRP:

stands for signal recognition particle; a ribonucleoprotein complex involved in recognition of nascent proteins destined for biosynthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum

SSI:

(1) stands for steady-state inhibition; (2) stands for (STAT)-induced STAT inhibitor; also known as SOCS; a family of proteins that attenuate signaling from cytokine receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases; Connections Map Component -- Suppressor of cytokine signaling

SSRI:

stands for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor; a pharmacological agent that blocks the reuptake of the neurotransmitter serotonin; drugs of this class are frequently used as antidepressants

STAND:

stands for signal transduction ATPases with numerous domains; a family of proteins characterized by a nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD), a sensor domain, and one or more effector domains

STAR protein:

stands for signal transduction and activation of RNA protein; a family of RNA binding proteins that are regulated by signaling pathways

STAT:

stands for signal transducer and activator of transcription; a family of signaling proteins that, when activated by phosphorylation, dimerize and translocate to the nucleus, where they bind DNA to activate the transcription of target genes; Connections Map Components -- Signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 | Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 | Activated STAT dimer | STAT target genes | Receptors involved in STAT signaling | Signal transducer and activator of transcription | Signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 | Activated STAT3 dimer | Activated STAT1 Dimer

STEP:

stands for a striatal-enriched tyrosine phosphatase

STIR:

a domain family consisting of SEFIR [similar expression to fibroblast growth factor (FGF) genes] and TIR (Toll-interleukin-1 receptor) domains

STRAD:

stands for STE20-related adaptor; a pseudokinase related to the kinase STE20, forms a complex with the kinase LKB1

SUMO-1:

stands for small ubiquitin-like modifier protein-1; low molecular weight protein that regulates target proteins through covalent modification

Syd:

stands for Sunday Driver; a scaffolding protein

Syk:

stands for spleen tyrosine kinase; a nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinase; Connections Map Component -- Spleen tyrosine kinase

SynGAP:

stands for synaptic Ras guanosine triphosphatase-activating protein

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