Glossary: P

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P

P-TEFb:

stands for positive transcription elongation factor (P-TEFb); a component of the basal transcription machinery

p100:

also known as NF-κB2; inactive precursor of the NF-κB2 p52 subunit, a member of the NF-κB family of transcription factors; Connections Map Component -- Precursor of NF-kappaB (p52 subunit)

p105:

also known as NF-κB1; inactive precursor of the NF-κB1 p50 subunit, a member of the NF-κB family of transcription factors; Connections Map Component -- Nuclear factor-kappaB

p110:

catalytic subunit of Class 1a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K); phosphorylates phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate to form phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate; Connections Map Components -- Phosphoinositide 3-kinase class Ia | Phosphoinositide 3-kinase class Ia p110 subunit | p110 Class Ia phosphoinositide 3-kinase catalytic subunits

p130Cas:

stands for 130 kD Crk-associated substrate, also known as p130^CAS, an adaptor protein that is tyrosine phosphorylated and is involved in focal adhesion organization; Connections Map Component -- Crk-associated substrate

p27:

inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinase

p38:

also known as stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK); a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) that is regulated by stress and by cytokines; Connections Map Components -- p38alpha mitogen-activated protein kinase | p38delta mitogen-activated protein kinase | p38gamma mitogen-activated protein kinase | p38beta mitogen-activated protein kinase | p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase | p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase

p38-beta:

p38β, one of the p38 stress-activated MAPKs; Connections Map Component -- p38beta mitogen-activated protein kinase

p42:

also known as extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 (ERK2); a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK); Connections Map Component -- Extracellular signal regulated kinase 2

p44:

also known as extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1; a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK); Connections Map Component -- Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1

p53:

stands for tumor protein p53; a transcription factor that acts as a tumor suppressor; some cancer-prone families carry germline mutations of p53; Connections Map Component -- Tumor protein p53 (Li-Fraumeni syndrome)

p55:

(1) a regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K); (2) also known as CD120a or tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNF-R1); a receptor for tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-); member of the death receptor superfamily; Connections Map Components -- p55gamma regulatory subunit of Class Ia phosphoinositide 3-kinase | Tumor necrosis factor receptor 1

p75NTR:

stands for p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75^NTR); a death-domain-containing coreceptor for neurotrophins

p85:

regulatory subunit of Class 1a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K); forms a heterodimer with p110; Connections Map Components -- p85 regulatory subunit of Phosphoinositide 3-kinase | p85alpha regulatory subunit of phosphoinositide 3-kinase | p85beta regulatory subunit of phosphoinositide 3-kinase | p85 family regulatory subunit of class Ia phosphoinositide 3-kinase

p90(RSK):

p90 ribosomal S6 kinase; also known as MAPKAP-K1; growth factor-regulated serine-threonine kinase implicated in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade; Connections Map Components -- Ribosomal protein S6 kinase | pp90 ribosomal S6 kinase

p97:

(1) also known as eukaryotic initiation factor 4G2 (eIF4G2); a translational inhibitor; (2) an extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5)-related kinase that is part of the Raf cascade

PA:

stands for phosphatidic acid; lipid second messenger; Connections Map Component -- Phosphatidic acid

PAC:

stands for Per-Arnt-Sim-associated C-terminal domain; see PAS

PACAP:

stands for pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide; a peptide hormone that is a member of the vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-glucagon-growth hormone releasing factor (GRF)-secretin family; Connections Map Component -- Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide

PADI4:

stands for peptidyl arginine deiminase, type IV; an enzyme that converts arginine to citrulline

PAF:

stands for platelet-activating factor, a class of phospholipids that stimulates platelets and neutrophils and plays roles in allergic and inflammatory signaling

PAG:

stands for phosphoprotein associated with glycosphingolipids-enriched microdomains; also known as Csk-binding protein (CBP); an adaptor protein that associates with the cytosolic tyrosine protein kinase Csk and that is implicated in the regulation of Src family tyrosine kinases; Connections Map Component -- Phosphoprotein associated with glycosphingolipids-enriched microdomains

PAK:

stands for p21-activated kinase; serine-threonine kinase activated by Rho-family GTPases; Connections Map Components -- p21-activated kinase 1 | p21 (CDKN1A)-activated kinase 2

Pam3CSK:

stands for N-palmitoyl-S-[2,3-bis(palmitoloxy)-(2RS)-propyl]-Cys-Ser-Lys₄; a lipopeptide agonist of Toll-like receptor 2

PAMPs:

stands for pathogen-associated molecular patterns; bacterial lipoproteins and lipopolysaccharides that are recognized as "non-self" and act as ligands for the Toll-like receptors (TLRs)

PAR:

(1) stands for protease-activated receptor; a class of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in which the ligand is exposed through proteolytic cleavage of the receptor; (2) stands for proline- and acidic amino acid-rich; a domain characteristic of a subfamily of bZIP transcription factors; (3) stands for partitioning defective; class of genes involved in cell polarization; Connections Map Components -- PAR1 | Par-4 | Protease-activated receptors

PAS:

stands for Per-Arnt-Sim (short for Period; Ah receptor nuclear translocator; single-minded); domain found in various basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors associated with circadian cycling

PAT:

stands for palmitoyl acyl transferases; enzymes that catalyze the addition of palmitate to cysteine and includes transmembrane proteins of the DHHC-CRD and MBOAT families

PBM:

stands for polybasic motif; an amino acid sequence that allows proteins to interact with anionic lipids, such as phosphatidylserine

PC:

stands for phosphatidylcholine; also called lecithin; a membrane phospholipid; Connections Map Component -- Phosphatidylcholine

PC12 cell:

stands for pheochromocytoma 12 cell; a neuroendocrine cell line that can function as a model for differentiation of adrenal chromaffin cells or sympathetic neurons

PCD:

stands for programmed cell death, another name for apoptosis

PCP:

(1) stands for planar cell polarity; a process by which an epithelial monolayer becomes oriented in a particular direction; (2) stands for phencyclidine; a dissociative anesthetic that acts by antagonizing NMDA-type glutamate receptors

PDGF:

stands for platelet-derived growth factor; family of mitogenic growth factors

PDK:

stands for phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase; serine-threonine protein kinases whose activity depends upon phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)

PDP1:

stands for Par domain protein 1; Par domain-containing transcription factor; Connections Map Component -- Par domain protein 1

PDZ:

a protein interaction module named for the proteins in which it was originally identified: postsynaptic density 95 (PSD-95), discs large (Dlg), and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1)

PE:

stands for phosphatidylethanolamine; membrane phospholipid

PERK:

stands for pancreatic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) kinase; a kinase activated during the ER stress response

PGRP:

stands for peptidoglycan recognition protein; family of proteins involved in the recognition of pathogens and activation of innate immunity

PH:

stands for pleckstrin homology; protein domains that bind phosphoinositides

PHD:

stands for plant homeobox domain, also known as plant homeodomain; a zinc finger motif that facilitates interactions of proteins with specific lipids or methylated histones

PHLPP:

stands for pleckstrin homology (PH) domain leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase; one of its substrates is Akt

PI:

stands for phosphatidylinositol; membrane phospholipid

PI(3,4)P2:

stands for phosphatidylinositol-3,4-phosphate [PI(3,4)P₂]; also known as PtdIns(3,4)P₂ product of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) phosphorylation of PI4P; Connections Map Component -- Phosphatidylinositol-3,4-bisphosphate

PI(3,4,5)P3:

stands for phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate [PI(3,4,5)P₃]; also known as PtdIns(3,4,5)P₃ product of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) phosphorylation of PI(4,5)P₂; Connections Map Component -- Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate

PI(3,5)P2:

stands for phosphatidylinositol 3,5 bisphosphate [PI(3,5)P₂]

PI(4,5)P2:

stands for phosphatidylinositol 4,5 bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P₂], also known as PtdIns(4,5)P₂; plasma membrane phospholipid; hydrolysis by phospholipase C yields the second messengers inositol trisphosphate (IP₃) and diacylglycerol (DAG); Connections Map Component -- Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate

PI-PLC:

stands for phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C; a class of enzymes that cleave phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P₂] to form inositol trisphosphate (IP₃) and diacylglycerol (DAG); Connections Map Component -- Phospholipase C

PI3K:

stands for phosphoinositide 3- kinase class Ia; also known as PI 3-kinase, type I phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, or phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; class of enzymes that phosphorylate phosphatidylinositol and various phosphorylated derivatives at the 3′ position of the inositol ring; Connections Map Components -- Phosphoinositide 3-kinase class Ia | Phosphoinositide 3-kinase beta

PI3P:

stands for phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate; also known as PtdIns(3)P; product of PI3K phosphorylation of PI; Connections Map Component -- Phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate

PI4P:

stands for phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate; also known as PtdIns(4)P; product of phosphoinositide 4-kinase phosphorylation of PI; precursor to PI(4,5)P₂

PI5P:

stands for phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate

PIAS:

stands for protein inhibitor of activated STATs (signal transducers and activators of transcription); family of proteins that bind to and inhibit activated STATs and may also function as SUMO ligases; Connections Map Component -- Protein inhibitor of activated STATs

PIP:

stands for phosphatidylinositol phosphate

PIP2:

stands for phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate; see PI(4,5)P₂; Connections Map Component -- Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate

PIP3:

stands for phosphatidylinositol trisphosphate; see PI(3,4,5)P₃; Connections Map Components -- Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate | Phosphatidylinositol-3,4-bisphosphate

PIP3BP:

stands for phosphatidylinositol-(3,4,5)-binding protein (PIP₃BP, also known as centaurin-); an adaptor protein that interacts with PIP₃ containing vesicles and a kinesin to allow microtubule-mediated transport of the vesicles

PKA:

stands for protein kinase A; also known as adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase; tetrameric serine-threonine protein kinase activated by binding of cAMP to the regulatory subunits; Connections Map Components -- Protein kinase A | Protein kinase A

PKB:

stands for protein kinase B; also known as Akt and Rac protein kinase; serine-threonine protein kinase with a pleckstrin homology domain that localizes it to the plasma membrane; Connections Map Component -- Akt (protein kinase B)

PKC:

stands for protein kinase C; family of serine-threonine protein kinases many of which are regulated by Ca²⁺ and diacylglycerol (DAG) and become active following translocation to the plasma membrane; Connections Map Components -- Protein kinase C zeta | Protein kinase C | Protein kinase C

PKD:

stands for protein kinase D; serine-threonine protein kinase; Connections Map Component -- Protein kinase D

PKR:

stands for protein kinase R; serine-threonine kinase regulated by double-stranded RNA

PLC:

stands for phospholipase C; class of enzymes that cleave PI(4,5)P₂ to form IP₃ and DAG; see PI-PLC; Connections Map Components -- Phospholipase C beta | Phospholipase C

PLC-beta:

stands for phospholipase C β (PLC-β); form of phospholipase C activated by G_q and Gβγ; Connections Map Component -- Phospholipase C beta

PLC-gamma1:

stands for phospholipase C γ1 (PLC-γ1); ubiquitously expressed isoform of phospholipase C; Connections Map Component -- Phospholipase C gamma-1

PlGF2:

stands for placental growth factor 2; member of the VEGF family of growth factors

PMCA:

stands for plasmalemmal Ca²⁺ pump; also called plasma membrane Ca²⁺ pump; phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate; [PI(4,5)P₂]-sensitive membrane ATPase that transports Ca²⁺ out of the cell

PML:

stands for promyelocytic leukemia; also used to refer to the protein implicating in causing this type of leukemia

POD:

stands for PML oncogenic domain (POD); also known as promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML)-containing nuclear body, nuclear dot; or Kr body; spherical structure found in the cell nucleus

polyI:C:

stands for polyinosine-polycytosine; synthetic polynucleotide

POMC:

stands for pro-opiomelanocortin; peptide precursor to adrenocorticotropin, β-lipotropin, -melanocyte stimulating hormone, β-melanocyte stimulating hormone, and β-endorphin

PP2A:

stands for protein phosphatase 2A; heterotrimeric serine-threonine phosphatase; Connections Map Component -- Protein phosphatase 2A

PP2B:

stands for protein phosphatase 2B; also known as calcineurin; Ca²⁺-calmodulin-dependent serine-threonine phosphatase; Connections Map Component -- Calcineurin

PPARgamma:

stands for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ); γ isoform of PPAR; a family of nuclear receptors involved in lipid metabolism

PRAM-1:

stands for promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML)-retinoic acid receptor (RAR) target gene encoding an adaptor molecule-1; adaptor protein identified in myeloid cells

PRR:

stands for pattern recognition receptor; receptors that recognize patterns in microbial products and trigger the innate immue system, for example, Toll-like receptors (TLRs)

PSD:

stands for postsynaptic density; electron-dense region of the post-synaptic membrane containing neurotransmitter receptors and associated proteins

PSD-95:

stands for postsynaptic density protein 95; scaffolding protein associated with the PSD

PSM:

stands for proline-rich, pleckstrin homology- and SH2- domain-containing mediator; protein associated with the insulin receptor

PTB:

(1) stands for polypyrimidine tract-binding protein; also known as heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein I (hnRNP I); a protein that binds RNA and can regulate splicing and polyadenylation; (2) stands for phosphotyrosine binding, as in phosphotyrosine-binding domain or phosphotyrosine-binding protein

Ptc:

stands for Patched (also abbreviated Ptch); a twelve-transmembrane protein that is the receptor for Hedgehog; Connections Map Component -- Patched 1

PtdOH:

stands for phosphatidic acid; lipid second messenger; see PA; Connections Map Component -- Phosphatidic acid

PTEN:

stands for phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted from chromosome 10; also known as MMAC1; tumor suppressor gene that dephosphorylates phosphoinositide lipids and also phosphotyrosine on proteins; Connections Map Component -- PTEN

PTK:

(1) stands for protein tyrosine kinase; enzyme that phosphorylates proteins on tyrosine residues; (2) also stands for plastid transcription kinase; serine-threonine kinase that phosphorylates an RNA polymerase found in chloroplasts

PTP:

(1) stands for protein tyrosine phosphatase; (2) stands for post-tetanic potentiation; use-dependent increase in synaptic efficacy resulting from increased release of neurotransmitter; Connections Map Components -- Protein tyrosine phosphatase | Protein tyrosine phosphatase

PTX:

stands for pertussis toxin; bacterial toxin that acts as an adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribosyl transferase thereby inhibiting G_i- and G_o- G proteins; Connections Map Component -- Pertussis toxin

PVN:

stands for paraventricular nucleus; a hypothalamic nucleus

PVR:

the Drosophila homolog of the mammalian platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) and the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)

PX:

stands for phox homology; domain that binds phosphoinositides

PYK:

stands for proline-rich tyrosine kinase; also known as CADTK, CAK-β, FAK2, RAFTK; a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase in the focal adhesion kinase family; Connections Map Component -- PYK

Pyk2:

stands for proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2; nonreceptor tyrosine kinase found mostly in hematopoietic and neural cells; Connections Map Component -- PYK

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